Adigrat University

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computing

Course Title: Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Chapter Four: Internet of Things (IoT)

 Outlines
• Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)
• What is IOT
• Advantages and Disadvantages of IOT
• Challenges of IOT
• How does it work?
• Architecture of IOT
• Devices and Networks
• IOT Tools and Platforms(Optional)
• Applications of IoT (in respective fields of study)
• Sample IOT application with hands on activity
• IOT Based Smart Home
• IOT Based Smart City and Smart Farming

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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)
What is Internet of Things (IOT)

• IOT (Oxford dictionary) is the interaction of everyday object’s

computing devices through the Internet that enables the sending and
receiving of useful data
• In general, The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
• IOT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet without any human intervention.
IOT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
• Simply stated, the IOT consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet Includes anything ranging from
 Cell phones to building maintenance to the jet engine of an
airplane.
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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
What is Internet of Things (IOT)..
• Heart monitor implant as medical device and a biochip
transponder in a farm animal are members of the IoT and can
transfer data over a network.
• IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical objects that are accessible
through the internet
• The IoT consists of a gigantic network of internet connected “things”
and devices.
• An example of recent addition to IOT, Ring, a doorbell that links to
your smart phone.
 Ring signals you when the doorbell is pressed and lets you see
who it is.
• IOT has found its application in several areas such as
• Connected industry and car
• Smart-city, smart-home, smart-energy, smart agriculture
• Connected building and campus, health care, logistics
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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
What is Internet of Things (IOT)..
Types of System
• IoT includes many different systems including
• Internet-connected cars
• Wearable devices including health and fitness monitoring devices,
watches, and even human implanted devices
• Smart meters and smart objects
• Home automation systems and lighting controls
• Smartphone that are increasingly being used to measure the world
around them
• Wireless sensor networks that measure weather, flood defenses,
tides and more

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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
What is Internet of Things (IOT)..
Types of System..
• There are four main components of an IoT system
• The Thing itself (that is, the device)
• The local network (this can include a gateway, which translates
proprietary communication protocols to Internet Protocol).
• The Internet ( the Global Network)
• Back-end services (enterprise data systems, or PCs and mobile
devices).
• Generally speaking, IOT is just more than M2M communication, with
technologies including:
• Wireless sensor networks, sensor networks
• 2G/3G/4G, GSM,GPRS,RFID and
6 • WI-FI, GPS, microcontroller, microprocessor etc.
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
What is Internet of Things (IOT)..
• IOT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking,
and robotics.
• The most important features of IoT include
• AI, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use.

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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Advantages of IOT

• The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and

business. the advantages that IoT has to offer:
• Improved Customer Engagement- Current analytics suffer from
blind spots and flaws inaccuracy and engagement remains passive.
IoT achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
• Technology Optimization- IoT unlocks a world of critical
functional and field data. improve the customer experience and
device use.
• Reduced Waste- IoT provides real-world information leading to
the more effective management of resources
• Enhanced Data Collection- Modern data collection suffers from
its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of
those spaces.
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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Disadvantages of IOT

• Some of the disadvantages of IOT are:

• As the number of connected devices increases and more

information is shared the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.

• If there’s a bug in the system, every connected device will become

corrupted.

• There’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT

• It’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to

communicate with each other.
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 Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Challenges of IoT

• IOT delivers an impressive set of advantages, it also presents a

significant set of challenges. Here is a major issues:
• Security- IoT creates an ecosystem of connected devices
communicating over networks.
 System offer little control despite any measures
 Leave users exposed to various kinds of attackers
• Privacy- IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.
• Complexity- IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies
• Flexibility- Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT
system to integrate easily with another.
• Compliance- IoT must comply with regulations.
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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT
• An IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of
• Hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors
• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major
components:
• Sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. Below
figure shows Architecture of IoT.

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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT..
1. Sensing Layer- Its purpose is
 To identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral
 To Obtain data from the real world.
• This layer consists of several sensors and Sensors in IoT
devices usually integrated through sensor hubs.
• A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple
sensors that accumulate and forward sensor data to the
processing unit of a device
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical
conditions that generate the data.
 For example, actuators might shut off a power supply ,
adjust an airflow valve, move a robotic

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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT..
• Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad
categories as described below
A. Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion as well as
the orientation of the devices.
• There are two types of motions one can observe in a
device: linear and angular motions
• Linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT
device.
• Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of
the device
B. Environmental Sensors: Its purpose is to help the devices to
take autonomous decisions according to the changes of a
device’s peripheral.

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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT..

• For instance, environment sensors are used in many

applications to improve user experience
 e.g., home automation systems, smart locks, smart lights.

C. Position sensors: deal with the physical position and

location of the device.
• The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are
magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS)
sensors.
• Magnetic sensors are used as digital compass and help to fix
the orientation of the device display.
• GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT..
2. Network Layer- acts as a communication channel to transfer
data to other connected devices
• Network layer is implemented by using diverse
communication technologies to allow data flow between
other devices within the same network
• Communication technologies are:
 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular
network, etc
3. Data Processing Layer- this layer consists of the main data
processing unit of IoT devices.
• The layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the result.

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 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT..
• In some IoT devices, the data processing layer also saves
the result of the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
 Example: Smart watch, smart home hub, etc
• This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.
4. Application Layer- implements and presents the results of the
data processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of
IoT devices.
• This layer is user-centric layer that executes various tasks
for the users.
• Application covers “smart” environments/spaces in
domains such as
• Transportation, Building, City, Aetail and Agriculture
• Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction
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• Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy
 How does it work?
Devices and Networks

• IOT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in

industry or in the enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups such
as consumer, enterprise and industrial.
• Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart
speakers, toys, wearable, and smart appliances
• Examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devices used to
monitor traffic and weather conditions are:
 smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city
technologies.
• In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room
can help an employee locate and schedule an available room for
a meeting.
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 How does it work?
Devices and Networks..
• When meeting attendees enter the room
 Temperature will adjust according to the occupancy
 Lights will dim as the appropriate PowerPoint loads on the
screen and the speaker begins his presentation
• IOT network typically includes a number of devices with constrained
resources (power, processing, memory).
• Some of those devices may be massively deployed over large areas
like smart cities, industrial plants
• Others may be deployed in hard-to-reach areas like pipelines
hazardous zones, or even in hostile environments like war zones
• Therefore Efficient and autonomic management of IoT networks is
needed.
• IoT network requirements
 Ability to connect large numbers of heterogeneous IoT elements
18 High reliability, Real-time awareness with low latency
 Ability to secure all traffic flows
 IoT Tools and Platforms(Optional)

• IoT platform is an essential component of a huge IoT ecosystem that

supports and connects all components within the system.
• The structure of the platform is expandable, allowing the addition of
new types of network devices or applications
• The platform provides standard web services such as:
• Device discovery, data storage, and user authorities, which are
basic requirements for creating IoT applications.
• IOT Platform Solutions are based on the IOT and cloud technology.
• IOT platform helps
• To facilitate device management
• Handle hardware/software communication protocols
• Collect/analyze data
• Enhance data flow and functionality of smart applications
• IOT development tools are Eclipse IoT, Tessel 2, PlatformIO, IBM
Watson, device Haive and OpenSCADA, etc.
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 IoT Tools and Platforms(Optional)…
Here is a list of IOT platforms with their key features
IOT Platforms Key Features

KAA  Perform real-time device monitoring

 manage unlimited connected devices
 create cloud service for smart products
SiteWhere  Add devices through self-registration
 run any number of IOT applications on single site
 default database storege is MonogoDB
ThingSpeak  MATLAB analytics and visualizations
 collect data in private channels
 share data in public channels
DeviceHive  Directly integrate with Alexa
 it comes with Apache Spark
 support libreries including Android and iOS
Zetta  Supports a wide range of hacker boards
 allow you to assemble Smartphone apps, device apps
and cloud apps
ThingsBoard
 Real-time data visualization and remote device control
 customizable rules, plug-in, widgets
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 Applications of IoT
• Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best
applied:
• Agriculture- IOT used for indoor and outdoor planting.
 For indoor planting, IOT monitoring and management of
microclimate conditions a reality, which in turn increases
production.
 For outside planting, devices using IOT can sense soil moisture
and nutrients.
• Better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems.
• Education- IoT provides aids which help in filling the gaps in the
education industry
• It not only improves the quality of education but also optimizes
the cost and improves the management by taking into
consideration students response and performance
• Consumer Use- For private citizens, IOT devices in the form of
21 wearable and smart homes make life easier.
 Applications of IoT..
• Wearables cover accessories such as
 Fitbit, smart phones, Apple watches, health monitors to
improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and
fitness.
• Smart homes take care of things like
 Activating environmental controls so your house will at
peak comfort when you come home.
• Dinner that requires an oven can be started remotely, so the
food is ready when you arrive.

• Security is made more accessible and consumer having the

ability to control appliances and lights remotely.

• Activating a smart lock to allow the people to enter the house

even if they don’t have a key.
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 Applications of IoT..
• Healthcare- wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their
patients’ health at home, reducing hospital stays.
• Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the
head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.
• In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space

• Real-time home monitoring, sensors can also determine if a

patient has fallen or is suffering a heart attack .

• Insurance- this can benefit from the IoT revolution.

• Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for
IoT wearable's such as Fitbit.

• By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized

23 policies and encourage healthier habits.
 Applications of IOT..
• Manufacturing- RFID and GPS technology can help a
manufacturer track a product:
• From its start on the factory floor to its placement in the
destination store.

• The whole supply chain from start to finish.

• Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify

bottlenecks in the production line, thereby reducing lost time
and waste.

• Other sensors mounted on those same machines can also track

the performance of the machine, predicting when the unit will
require maintenance, thereby preventing costly breakdowns.

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 Applications of IoT..
• Retail- IOT technology has a lot to offer the world of retail

• Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control

warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from
IoT sensors.

• IOT can help analyze mall traffic so that stores located in malls
can make the necessary adjustments that enhance the
customer’s shopping experience while reducing overhead.

• IOT helps retailers target customers based on past purchases.

• Equipped with the information provided through IoT, retailer

could craft a personalized promotion for their loyal customers

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 Applications of IoT..
• Transportation- There’s already significant progress made in
navigation and self-driving cars in field of transportation

• The GPS utilized to help transportation companies plot faster

and more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby
speeding up delivery times.

• City planners can also use that data to help determine traffic
patterns, parking space demand, and road construction.

• Utilities- IOT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental

conditions such as humidity, temperature, and lighting.
• IoT sensors provide information can aid in regulate energy
usage and make the appropriate adjustments

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 Applications of IoT..
Sample Application of IOT

1. IoT Based Smart Home: allows subscribers to remotely manage

and monitor different home devices from anywhere via smart
phones or over the web.
• Smart Home has become a reality where all devices are
integrated and interconnected via the wireless network.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other given internet connection.
• Remote Control Appliances- Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
• Smart Home Appliances- Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to
buy. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry
remotely.
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 Applications of IoT..
Sample Application of IOT..

• Weather- Displays outdoor weather conditions such as

humidity, temperature, wind speed and rain levels.

• Safety Monitoring- cameras, and home alarm systems making

people feel safe in their daily life at home.

• Intrusion Detection Systems- Detection of window and door

openings and violations to prevent intruders

• Energy and Water Use- monitor energy and water

consumption to obtain advice on how to save cost and
resources.

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 Applications of IoT..
Sample Application of IOT..
2. IoT Based Smart City- In cities, the development of smart grids
and autonomous vehicles will provide a platform to deliver energy
and traffic management, and security.
• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street
lights
• Structural Health: Monitoring of material conditions in
buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management,
public announcement systems
• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with
warning messages
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces
available in city. Identify closest spaces.

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 Applications of IoT..
Sample Application of IOT..

3. IoT Based Smart Farming

• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize

the production of fruits and vegetables
• Animal Farming/Tracking: identification of animals grazing
in open pastures, Study air quality in farms and detection of
harmful gases from excrements.
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in
alfalfa, hay to prevent fungus and other contaminant
• Offspring Care: control growing conditions offspring in
animal farms to ensure its survival and health
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage crop waste with better
monitoring and control of fertilizing, watering
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