CHAPTER Three

Object-Oriented
Fundamentals in C#
Language Fundamentals

Jun 21, 2024

 C# is an object-oriented language.
 Means you work with objects in building an application.
 Examples: Form objects, Button objects, TextBox objects, Label
objects, ListBox objects, PictureBox objects, and more.
 C# is also termed an event-driven programming
language because you will write program code that

Event Driven Programming

responds to events that are controlled by the system user.
 Example events include:
 Clicking a button or menu.
 Opening or Closing a form.
 Moving the mouse over the top of an object such as a text box.
 Moving from one text box to another.
2
General Features of C#

Jun 21, 2024

 It is an object oriented programming language.
 C# has been inspired by earlier object-oriented programming
languages.
 Provides a quick way to develop heavy duty applications in a
windowing environment.

Event Driven Programming

 It is a useful tool for developing event driven programs.
 Can be used to create both windows applications and web
applications at the click of a mouse button.
 C# is case sensitive.
 When a line ends with the underscore (_) character, this tells C#
that the code on that line is not complete.
 A comment can be written by preceding a double slash(//). 3
Basic Concepts

Jun 21, 2024

 In order to work with C#, you need to understand "object"
terminology as defined as follows.
Object:
 A thing or an entity in your application. Examples
include forms and controls you place on forms such as

Event Driven Programming

buttons, text boxes, and icons.
Property:
 Objects have properties. Properties describe object
behaviors.
 Examples of properties include Text, Name, BackColor,
Font and Size.
 Refer to a property by the notation called Dot Notation. 4
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Methods:
 These are the actions that objects exhibit.
 Examples include methods to Show and Hide forms and
methods to Print and Close forms.
 Like properties you can refer to a method with the dot

Event Driven Programming

notation.
Events:
 Events are actions usually triggered by the system user
such as clicking a button; however, events can also be
triggered by the actions of objects.
 For example, closing a form can trigger an event. 5
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Class:
 It is a sort of template for an object.
 For example:
 All forms belong to the Form class of object.
 All buttons belong to the Button class of object.
 Classes include definitions for object properties, methods, and associated
events.

Event Driven Programming

 Each class is assigned an identifying namespace within the .NET Framework
Class Library.
 Each new object you create is defined based on its class – the new object is called
a class instance.
 Example Code:
class SampleClass
{
// Code goes here. 6
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Instance:
 It is an object created from a class and represents current
state.
 An instance of a class can be created using the New
keyword.

Event Driven Programming

 The New command tells the compiler to create an instance
of that class.
 Example Code:
Form winForm = new Form ();
 The above C# code creates a windows form which is an
instance of windows forms class with the name winForm
7
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Solution:
 In C# the programming applications you will design
and develop are called solutions.
 A solution can actually contain more than
one project.

Event Driven Programming

 Each solution is stored in a folder identified by the
solution name.
Me:
 Is a reference to the instance of the object within
which a method is executing.
8
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Dot Notation
 Used to reference object's properties and methods in code
Syntax
ObjectName.PropertyName/ObjectName.MethodName
 Example:

Event Driven Programming

 Object dot Property
frmForm.Text, txtTextBox.Text;
 Object dot Method
frmForm.Hide( ), txtTextBox.Focus( )
 To reference an object's events use an underscore instead of
a dot
Button_Click, ListBox_TextChanged
9
Constants and Variables

Jun 21, 2024

Variable
 Memory locations that hold data that can be changed
during program execution.
 Ex: midResult, total,…
 Variables in C# can be declared as follows:

Event Driven Programming

Data_Type var_Name;
e.g., int i;
 They can also be initialized at the time of declaration as
follows:
int i = 3; 10
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Constant
 Memory locations that hold data that cannot be changed
during program execution.
 Ex: Sales tax percentage, pie (П),…
 Constants in C# can be declared as follows:

Event Driven Programming

const Data_Type const_Name;
e.g., const int months = 12;
Data Types
 Are used to specify the type of data/information that a
variables holds.
 It also determines how much memory is allocated to store
data in. 11
Data Types

Jun 21, 2024

Type Represents Range Default Value
bool Boolean value True or False False
byte 8-bit unsigned integer 0 to 255 0
char 16-bit Unicode character U +0000 to U +ffff '\0'
decimal 128-bit precise decimal values with 28- (-7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028) / 100 to 28 0.0M
29 significant digits
double 64-bit double-precision floating point (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 10308 0.0D
type

Event Driven Programming

float 32-bit single-precision floating point type -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 0.0F

int 32-bit signed integer type -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 0

long 64-bit signed integer type -923,372,036,854,775,808 to 0L
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
sbyte 8-bit signed integer type -128 to 127 0
short 16-bit signed integer type -32,768 to 32,767 0
uint 32-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 4,294,967,295 0
ulong 64-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 0
ushort 16-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 65,535 0
12
Naming Rules

Jun 21, 2024

 There are technical rules you must follow when
creating variable and constant names.
 An identifier must start with a letter or an
underscore

Event Driven Programming

 After the first character, it may contain numbers,
letters, connectors, etc
 If the identifier is a keyword, it must be prepended
with “@”

13
 Jun 21, 2024
Naming Rules...
 Always use standard names for objects
 Numbers, letters, & underscore
 Must start with letter or underscore
 No spaces or punctuation marks
 3 letter lowercase prefix identifies control type

Event Driven Programming

 Button-btn
 Label-lbl
 Form-frm
 If multiple words capitalize 1st letter of each word – Camel casing
 btnExitProgram

14
 Jun 21, 2024
Recommended Naming Conventions
Object Class Prefix Example
Form frm frmDataEntry
Button btn btnExit
TextBox txt txtUserName
Label lbl lblName

Event Driven Programming

Radio Button rad radBold
CheckBox chk chkMale
Horizontal ScrollBar hsb hsbRate
Vertical ScrollBar vsb vsbTemprature
PictureBox pic picLandscape
ComboBox cbo cboBookList
ListBox lst lstCourse 15
Declaration Statements

Jun 21, 2024

 A declaration-statement declares a local variable or
constant.
 CONST used to declare Named Constants
 Declaration includes

Event Driven Programming

 Name, follow Naming Convention Rules
 Data Type
 Required Value for Constants
 Optional Initial Value for Variables
16
Declaration Examples

Jun 21, 2024

• String strName, strIdNo;
• Decimal decPayRate = 8.25
• DateTime hireDate;

Event Driven Programming

• Boolean isFound;
• Long population;
• const Decimal PIE = 3.14m;

17
Variables – Scope & Lifetime

Jun 21, 2024

 There are two important scopes in C#:
 Local scope refers to names defined within a method or a within a block
within a method.
 Class-level scope refers to all the names defined within the current class (but
this excludes any local names that are defined inside methods of the class.)
 Lifetimes of objects and variables
 Every object and variable in program has lifetime: It gets created (or

Event Driven Programming

instantiated) at some particular moment in time, and then at some later time it
dies.
 Variables that are defined within a method or a block only live while the
method or block is being executed.
 Class-level instance variables (i.e. not variables that are static) have a lifetime
that is the same as the lifetime of the object they belong to.
 Objects become inaccessible when45 there are no longer any references
pointing to them.
 Periodically, C# runs a garbage collector. 18
Program Flow Control

Jun 21, 2024

 Are used to alter the natural sequence of execution in a
program.
 They act as a direction signal to control the path a program
takes.
 The process of performing one statement after another is
called flow of execution or flow of control.

Event Driven Programming

 They can be:
 Decision statements
 Loops.

19
Decision Statements

Jun 21, 2024

 Decision statements will help you to conditionally execute
program.
if else:
if (condition)
{
Statements executed if condition is true

Event Driven Programming

}
else
{
Statements executed if condition is false
}
We can also have Else If block in If Else
statements 20
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Switch Statement:
switch (caseSwitch)
{
case 1:
stmt1 ‘ executed if var = 1;

Event Driven Programming

break;
case 2
stmt2 ‘ executed if var = 2;
break;
default:
stmt3 ‘ executed if var is other than 1 and 2
break;
} 21
Loops

Jun 21, 2024

 Are used to execute a code multiple times until a
certain condition occurs.
for loop
for ( init; condition; increment )

Event Driven Programming

{
statement(s);
}

22
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

• Here is the flow of control in a for loop:
 The init step is executed first, and only once.
 Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is
executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and
flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop.

Event Driven Programming

 After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps
back up to the increment statement.
 The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes
and the process repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step,
and
23
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

While Statement
 The While statement is used to repeat set of
executable statements as long as the condition is
true.
while (condition)

Event Driven Programming

{
Executable Statements
}
 In this if the condition is satisfied then the
statements are executed. Else it will not enter the
While condition at all. 24
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Do ... While Loop Statement
 The Do…While Loop Statement is similar to While.
 Unlike the while loop the do … while loop will be
executed at least once even if the condition does not
satisfy.

Event Driven Programming

do
{
excutable statements
}while (condition);
25
Arrays

Jun 21, 2024

 An Array is a memory location that is used to store
multiple values of the same data types.
 All the values in an array are referenced by their
index or subscript number.
 These values are called the elements of the array.

Event Driven Programming

 The number of elements that an array contains is
called the length of the array.
 Arrays can be single or multidimensional.
 A single dimensional array is identified by only a
single subscript and an element in a two-dimensional
array is identified by two subscripts. 26
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

 The dimension has to be declared before using them in a
program. The array declaration comprises the name of the
array and the number of elements the array can contain.
 The Syntax of single dimension array is as follows.
Data_type[] ArrayName = new Data_type[number of elements];

Event Driven Programming

 Example:
int[] values = new int[3];
int[] array = {10, 30, 50};
string[,] array = new string[2, 2];
int[,] two = new int[2, 2]; 27
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

 Access characters from the beginning, middle, and end of a
string
 Replace one or more characters in a string
 Insert characters within a string
 Search a string for one or more characters

Event Driven Programming

 Programming with Microsoft Visual C# .NET
Determining Number of Characters Contained in String
 In many applications, it is necessary to determine the
number of characters contained in a string
 Use a string’s Length property to determine the number of
characters contained in the string
 Syntax of the Length property: string.Length 28
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Removing Characters from a String
 TrimStart method
 Remove one or more characters from the beginning of a
string
 Syntax: string.TrimStart([trimChars])

Event Driven Programming

 TrimEnd method
 Remove one or more characters from the end of a string
 Syntax: string.TrimEnd([trimChars])
 Trim method
 Remove one or more characters from both the beginning
and end of a string
 Syntax: string.Trim([trimChars]) 29
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Removing Characters from a String

Functions Description
string.Trim Removes leading and trailing spaces

Event Driven Programming

string.Trim(char) Removes leading and trailing char
string.TrimStart Removes leading spaces
string. TrimStart(char) Removes leading char
string.TrimEnd Removes trailing spaces
string. TrimEnd(char) Removes trailing char

30
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

The Removing Method
 Use the Remove method to remove one or more
characters located anywhere in a string
 The Remove method returns a string with the
appropriate characters removed

Event Driven Programming

 Syntax: string.Remove(startIndex, count)

31
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Determining Whether a String Begins or Ends
with a Specific Sequence of Characters
 StartsWith method
 Determine whether a specific sequence of characters
occurs at the beginning of a string

Event Driven Programming

 Syntax: string.StartsWith(subString)
 EndsWith method
 Determine whether a specific sequence of characters
occurs at the end of a string
 Syntax: string.EndsWith(subString)
32
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Accessing Characters Contained in a String
 Use the Substring method to access any number of
characters in a string
 Syntax: string.Substring(startIndex, count)
 startIndex: the index of the first character you want

Event Driven Programming

to access in the string
 count (optional): specifies the number of
characters you want to access

33
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Replacing Characters in a String
 Use Replace to replace a sequence of characters in a string
with another sequence of characters
 For example:
 Replace area code “800” with area code “877” in a phone

Event Driven Programming

number
 Replace the dashes in a Social Security number with the
empty string
 Syntax: string.Replace(oldValue, newValue)
 oldValue is the sequence of characters that you want to
replace in the string
 newValue is the replacement characters
34
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Inserting Characters within a String
 Use the Insert method to insert characters
within a string
 For example: insert an employee’s middle
initial within his or her name

Event Driven Programming

 Syntax: string.Insert(startIndex, value)
 startIndex specifies where in the string you want
the value inserted

35
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Searching a String
 Use the IndexOf method to search a string to determine
whether it contains a specific sequence of characters
 Syntax: string.IndexOf(value[, startIndex])
 value: the sequence of characters for which you are

Event Driven Programming

searching in the string
 startIndex: the index of the character at which the search
should begin
 For example:
 Determine if the ID code “RAMiT” appears in a student
identity card
 Determine if the country code “+251” appears in a phone
36
String Manipulation

Jun 21, 2024

Searching a String

Event Driven Programming

37
Methods and Their Types

Jun 21, 2024

 A method is a group of statements that together perform a
task.
 Every C# program has at least one class with a method
named Main.
 To use a method, you need to:
 Define the method

Event Driven Programming

 Call the method
 Defining Methods in C#
 When you define a method, you basically declare the
elements of its structure. The syntax for defining a method
in C# is as follows:
38
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

 The syntax for defining a method in C# is as follows:
<Access Specifier> <Return Type> <Method Name>(Parameter List)
{
Method Body
}
 Following are the various elements of a method:
 Access Specifier: determines the visibility of a variable or a method from another

Event Driven Programming

class.
 Return type: A method may return a value. The return type is the data type of the
value the method returns. If the method is not returning any values, then the return
type is void.
 Method name: Method name is a unique identifier and it is case sensitive. It cannot
be same as any other identifier declared in the class.
 Parameter list: Enclosed between parentheses, the parameters are used to pass and
receive data from a method. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number
of the parameters of a method. Parameters are optional; that is, a method may
contain no parameters.
 Method body: contains set of instructions needed to complete required activity 39
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

class NumManip
{
public int FindMax(int num1, int num2)
{ /* local variable declaration */
int result;

Event Driven Programming

if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result;
}
...
} 40
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

 Calling Methods in C# static void Main(string[] args)
public int FindMax(int n1, int n2) {/* local variable definition */
{ int a = 100;
//localvariable declaration int b = 200;
int result; int ret;
if (num1 > num2)

Event Driven Programming

NumManip n = new NumManip();
result = num1; //calling FindMax method
else ret = n.FindMax(a, b);
result = num2; MessageBox.Show("Max value is :"
return result; + ret );
} }

41
Properties and Events

Jun 21, 2024

 Every Control has a set of properties, methods and events associated
with it.
 Example: Form
 Properties
 Name (program will use this name to refer)
 Text (title of the form),…

Event Driven Programming

 Methods
 Show
 Hide
 Close,…
 Events
 Load
 UnLoad,… 42
Event Procedures

Jun 21, 2024

 An event is an action, such as the user clicking on a button.
 Usually, nothing happens until the user does something and
generates an event.
 Structure of an Event Procedure:
private return_type objectName_event(...)
{

Event Driven Programming

statements
}
Example:
private void btnShow_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int mark = int.Parse(txtMark.Text);
} 43
IntelliSense

Jun 21, 2024

 Automatically pops up to give the programmer help.

Event Driven Programming

44
Class and Objects

Jun 21, 2024

Classes
 Blue print or template for an object.
 Has data members and methods.
 Contains the common properties and methods of an object.
 Few examples are Car, Person, Animal.

Event Driven Programming

To create a user defined class in VS.NET:
 Right click on the project name
 Point on ADD
 Choose CLASS

45
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Objects
 Instance of a class
 Gives life to a class
Examples:
 Abebe is an object belonging to the class Person

Event Driven Programming

 D4D is an object belonging to the class Car
To create an object of a class
Class_Name obj_Name = new class_Name();
Example:
NumberManipulator n = new NumberManipulator(); 46
Inheritance and Overloading

Jun 21, 2024

Inheritance
 Is a relationship where one class is derived from another
existing class, by inheriting all the properties and methods
of the original class called the base class.
 It the way of merging functionality from an existing class

Event Driven Programming

into your new subclass.
Employee Class
Examples:
Person Class Student Class

Customer Class
47
Cont’d…

Jun 21, 2024

Implementing Inheritance
 Start with an existing/base class from which you
will drive your new class.
 Implement one or more subclasses/child classes
based on the base class.

Event Driven Programming

 Add new methods, properties and events for the new
class.
 You can replace the methods and properties
of the base class with its own new
implementation.
48
Overloading

Jun 21, 2024

–Used to extend the functionality of the base class by
adding methods to the subclass that have the same
name but with different parameter list.
–Example:
public baseClass{ public newClass Inherites

Event Driven Programming

---------------- baseClass{
public showInfo(){ ----------------
----- public showInfo(ByVal x As
} String){
---------------- -----
} } 49
Class Vs Components

Jun 21, 2024

 Can be used interchangeably.
 A component is really a little more than a regular class, it
supports a graphical designer within the VS.NET IDE.
 We can use drag and drop to provide the code in our

Event Driven Programming

component with access to items from the server explorer or
from the toolbox.
To create a user defined class in VS.NET:
 Right click on the project name
 Point on ADD
 Choose COMPONENT
50