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Intro

Uploaded by

elvis page kamunanwire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks and Data

Communication

A Regional University Transcending Boundaries


A Communications Model
The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the
exchange of data between two parties
The key elements of the model are as follows;
– Source
• generates data to be transmitted
– Transmitter
• Converts data into transmittable signals
– Transmission System
• Carries data
– Receiver
• Converts received signal into data
– Destination
• Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications Model -
Diagram
Key Communications Tasks
Some of the key tasks that must be performed in a data communications
system include;
Transmission System Utilization
• the need to make efficient use of transmission facilities that are typically shared among
a number of communicating devices
Interfacing
• to communicate, a device must interface with the transmission system
• Data rates, duration, and spacing
Signal Generation
• once an interface is established, signal generation is required for communication
Synchronization
• There must be a form of synchronization between the transmitter and receiver
• Synchronous or Asynchronous transfers
Exchange Management
• Cooperation between sender and receiver
Error detection and correction
• Due to signal distortion
Key Communications Tasks
Addressing and routing
• How to deliver data to another entity outside my network
Recovery
• In case of any failure? How do communicating entities recover
Message formatting
• What is the format of the message to be understandable by
the receiver
Security
Network Management
• Status, overloads, failures, future growth
Data Communications
The term telecommunication means
communication at a distance.
The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties
creating and using the data.
Data communications is the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Simplified Data Communications
Model
Fundamental Characteristics
The effectiveness of a data communication
system depend on four fundamental
characteristics:
– Delivery
– Accuracy
– Timelines
– Jitter
Five Components of a Data
Communication System

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol
Direction of Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-
duplex as shown in Figure

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex
Networks
A network is a set of devices (often referred to
as nodes) connected by communication links.
A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on
the network
Categories of Networks
• Local Area Network
• Wide Area Network
• Metropolitan Area Networks
Local Area Network
– A LAN is a group of computers connected in small
geographical area like a home, office, or group of buildings
– Allow users to share files and services
Wide Area Networks
Wide Area Networks (5 to 10 KM)
– A WAN is a group of computers connected in Large
geographical area such as country
– A WAN often connects two LANs (WAN Link)
is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network
whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public
communications links
The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together,
so that users and computers in one location can communicate with
users and computers in other locations
Metropolitan Area Networks
– A MAN connects an area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN,
such as a city, with dedicated or high-performance hardware
– A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large local
area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a
wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger
network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a
wide area network). It is also used to mean the
interconnection of several local area networks by bridging
them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes
referred to as a campus network.
The Local Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Networks….
Traditionally, WANs have been implemented
using one of two technologies: circuit switching
and packet switching. More recently, frame
relay and ATM networks have assumed major
roles.
Circuit Switching
Dedicated communications path established for
the duration of the conversation
e.g. telephone network
• network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into
“pieces”
• pieces allocated to calls
• resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no
sharing)
Packet Switching
Data sent out of sequence each end-end data stream
Small chunks (packets) of divided into packets
data at a time Two packets share
Packets passed from node network resources
to node between source each packet uses full link
and destination bandwidth
Used for terminal to resources used as needed
computer and computer
to computer
communications
Frame Relay

Packet switching systems have large overheads


to compensate for errors
Modern systems are more reliable
Errors can be caught in end system
Most overhead for error control is stripped out
– Packet switching 64kbps
– Frame Relay 2Mbps
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATM
Evolution of frame relay
Little overhead for error control
Fixed packet (called cell) length
Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
Also viewed as an evolution of circuit switching
Internet
Origins
The first workable prototype of the Internet came in
the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense,
ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a single network.
The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after
scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol,
or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards
for how data could be transmitted between multiple
networks.
Internet…..
Origins
ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from
there researchers began to assemble the “network of
networks” that became the modern Internet.
The online world then took on a more recognizable form in
1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented
the World Wide Web.
While it’s often confused with the Internet itself, the web is
actually just the most common means of accessing data
online in the form of websites and hyperlinks.
The web helped popularize the Internet among the public,
and served as a crucial step in developing the vast trove of
information that most of us now access on a daily basis.
Internet…..
Key Elements
Internet…..
Internet Architecture
International Internet Service Providers; At the top
of the hierarchy are the international service
providers that connect nations together.
National Internet Service Providers; The national
Internet service providers are backbone networks
created and maintained by specialized companies.
Regional Internet Service Providers; Regional
internet service providers or regional ISPs are
smaller ISPs that are connected to one or more
national ISPs. They are at the third level of the
hierarchy with a smaller data rate.
Local Internet Service Providers; provide direct
service to the end users. The local ISPs can be
connected to regional ISPs or directly to
national ISPs. Most end users are connected to
the local ISPs.

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