Scribd
Upload
11 views

HSE 101 Chapter 1

Uploaded by

christopherapplication20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

HSE 101 Chapter 1

Uploaded by

christopherapplication20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

HUMAN

SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
101
What is Psychology?
• What is Psychology to you?

Psychology = The SCIENTIFIC study of the mind!


Why do we NEED Psychologists?
• We are not good at judging ourselves…
• It is not just COMMON SENSE
• Introspection is poor, believe we would not do things we
actually do.
• Not able to separate our thoughts from our actual behaviors…
Who needs to know Psychology?
• Teachers
• Architects
• Lawyers
• Nurses
• Advertisers
• Magicians- they exploit the GAPS in psychology!
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86kp10cboOQ
• ENGINEERS!!
History of Psychology
• Relatively new area – 1870’s

•Combination of Philosophy with Natural Sciences


• Nature vs. Nurture debate
• Empiricism = “blank slate”, knowledge is the result of experience
• Psychologists believe it is a combo of both
Early History
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE) believed we “gain knowledge through our
senses”
• Mind was located in the heart
• Knew that brain was important for mental life
• Trepanation = drilled holes in skull to cure ailments
RUB your eyes
•What do you see?
•This is because your nerves in the retina of the eye don’t know how
to processes touch/pressure information.
•They can only transmit their signal into LIGHT 
Structuralism (1832-1920)
•Wilhelm Wundt, 1879 worked with von Helmholtz
• Von Helmholtz studied reaction times and found longer to react to
someone touching your toe than it is to your thigh

• Wundt’s was a PSYCHOLOGY experiment because he was interested in


the MIND.
• Did decisions making increase reaction times?

• He & his student Titchener established STRUCTURALISM view, that


mental experience could be broken into parts (a hierarchy), similar to
Chemistry principles
Gestalt Psychology (1880-1943)
• Max Wertheimer disagreed with Structuralism foundations…and
founded Gestalt psychology
•When you break behavior into components they lose meaning

• Gestalt = “form” or “whole”


• Perception relies on the WHOLE experience and context
Gestalt Example
Gestalt Example
Functionalism (1842-1910)
• William James–Why behavior is the way it is?

•Foundation that behavior is PURPOSEFUL because it led to


SURVIVAL

•All Psychologist STILL view psychology in this manner


Psychodynamic Theory (1856-1939)
• Sigmund Freud is most likely what comes to mind when you think
“Psychology”
• People always ask, are you going to “shrink me…”
• Psychodynamic theory – influenced psychology & CULTURE
• While Freud had a lot going on, NOT SCIENTIFIC!
Humanistic Psychology
• Not just aggressive impulses of animals who are selfish BUT…

*People are innately good, and motivated to improve themselves


and only behave BADLY when corrupted by SOCIETY

Has an emphasis on what is GOOD in people, not what is wrong


with them
Abraham Maslow ( 1908-1970)-
Humanistic Approach
Behaviorists (1849-1936)
• Behaviorism focused on observable, measurable behaviors
•EXPERIENCE is the primary source for behavior
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ( 1949-1936)
• Dogs salivate to arrival of the handler, after learning they brought food
• Learned the ASSOICATION
• Pavlovian conditioning
• Most emotional responses come from learning
Behaviorists (1878-1958)

• John B. Watson
• “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world
to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train
him to become any type of specialists I might select – a doctor, lawyer,
artists, merchant-chief and yes, even into beggarman and thief, regardless
of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his
ancestors.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Behaviorists
• Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

• Behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to


occur in the future, whereas unpleasant or harmful outcomes would be less likely
to occur.

•Puzzle box- Cats would escape faster and faster


after successive trials
Behaviorists
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Did not CARE about inner workings of the mind, just the
observable output.
• Effects of reward and punishment
• Still helpful today for behavior modification (quitting to smoke).
Cognitive Revolution (1928-now)
• Ulric Neisser - Cognitive Psychology (1967)
• Interested in the inner workings of information processing, thinking,
reasoning and problem solving.
• Hardware of the brain was the metaphor for the brain, software is
the brains activity.
Cognitive Neuroscience - 1990’s
•Area between cognitive and biological psychologists
•Identify brain structures and functions involved in processing
information
Cognitive vs Behaviorists
•Both are at University, overall Psychology now is based on
cognitive understanding
•Most behaviorists only deal with learning, real-world issues,
addictions, fears
• Language acquisition
• Behaviorists - based on feedback while learning.
• Cognitive approach- born with innate mechanism for learning
Now- All Psychological Perspectives!
Biological & Evolutionary Psychology
• Behavioral Neuroscience – Mind and behavior based on their
genetics, biochemistry, anatomy and physiology

•Example: Memory for faces, especially for cheaters = better


survival
Cognitive Psychology
• Information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving.
Social Psychology
•How is behavior affected by the presence of others?
Developmental Psychology
•Investigates the normal changes in behavior that occur across the
life span
Clinical Psychology
•Explains, defines and treats psychological disorders and promotes
general well-being

•Uses cognitive and behavior approach

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUOaHsxe8OQ
Individual Differences
• People VARY! *If you have more than 1 child you know that, or
your parents know that!
• An approach that investigates variations in behavior between
people
•Personality = individual characteristics way of thinking, feeling and
behaving.

You might also like