INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE:

THE DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
 CONTENTS
HIERARCHY OF
BASIC CONCEPTS
01 & DEFINITIONS 02 DATA
ORGANIZATION

TRADITIONAL
THE DATABASE
03 FILE PROCESSING
SYSTEM
04 APPROACH

RANGE OF PROS & CONS OF

05 DATABASE 06 THE DATABASE
APPLICATION APPROACH
 DATA
• collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,
observations, or even just descriptions of things

• raw facts

• important to the healthcare team in the understanding of

the individual patient
 TWO TYPES OF DATA

STRUCTURED
•
DATA
has a standardized format for
efficient access
• typically tabular with rows and
columns that clearly define data
attributes.
• numbers, text, dates
TWO TYPES OF DATA

unSTRUCTURED
DATA
• does not contain a
predetermined data model

• It can be textual or non-textual

• images, video, documents

INFORMATION

processed data that possess context,

relevance, and purpose.
metadata

data that describes the properties and

context of user data.
 DATAbase
• organized collection of logically related data that is usually
controlled by DBMS

• used to store and manage large amounts of structured and

unstructured data

• Databases are designed to persist data

 DATAbase management system
- a software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases.

It makes it possible to create,

access, maintain, and control
1
databases
Helps organize data for
effective access
3

Data can be integrated and

presented on demand.
HIERARCHY OF DATA
ORGANIZATION
DATAbase
files
records
fields
bytes
bits
BITS
the smallest unit of data in a computer, representing either 0 or 1
BYTES
A collection of 8 bits
FIELDS
A specific piece of data within a record
RECORDS
A collection of related fields
FILES
A group of related records

DATABASE
 Traditional file
processing system
FILE PROCESSING
SYSTEM
When computer-based data processing was first available,
there were no databases. To be useful for business
applications, computers must be able to store, manipulate,
and retrieve large files of data. Computer file processing
systems were developed for this purpose. Although these
systems have evolved over time, their basic structure and
purpose have changed little over several decades.
Why study file processing
system?
TO AVOID PROBLEMS
 DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM

CONCURRENT
ACCESS
ANOMALIES

DATA
DATA ISOLATION
REDUNDANCY
LACK OF DATA
SECURITY

DATA INTEGRITY
PROBLEM LIMITED DATA
SHARING

DATA
INCONSISTENCY
1 DATA REDUNDANCY
• The unnecessary repetition of data within a
database or across multiple databases.
2 DATA INCONSISTENCY
• The occurrence of conflicting or duplicate data
entries in different places within a database.
3 DATA ISOLATION
• The challenge of accessing data that is stored in
separate and possibly incompatible systems.
4 DATA INTEGRITY PROBLEM
• Issues that arise when data is not accurate,
complete, or reliable.
5 LACK OF DATA SECURITY
• The inadequate protection of data against
unauthorized access and breaches.
6 LIMITED DATA SHARING
• Restrictions on the ability to share data across
different systems or departments.
7 Concurrent access anomalies
• Problems that arise when multiple users
simultaneously access and modify the same data.
What is the solution?
 Database
management system
 The
database approach
The Database Approach
- An information system that uses a database
management system (DBMS) to manage its
information has a particular structure,
comprising three components: DBMS, data,
and application software.
The central component of the database approach is the DBMS.
This software is also referred to as the database engine or the back end.
With regard to the data it manages, it has several responsibilities, including the following:

Data Definition
- providing a way to define and build the database
Data
Manipulation
- providing a way to insert and update data in the database

Query Execution
- answering questions about the data in the database

Data Integrity
- ensuring that data stored is well formed
Data Security
- enforcing restrictions about who is able to access what data

Data Portability
- providing a means for backup and restore
Data Recovery
- protecting data from loss in the case of a catastrophic failure
in hardware of software

Provenance
- logging capabilities to provide an audit trail for data changes

Performance
- Providing a means to tune and optimize operation

Multiuser
Concurrency
- Supporting the activities of many users at the same time

Automatic Processing
- Providing a way to define rules to execute business logic
(e.g. stored procedures and triggers)
 COMPONENTS OF
DATABASE APPROACH
APPLICATION
DBMS DATA
SOFTWARE
• enables users to create, read, edit, and • The placement of data does not dictate • Applications communicate with
remove data from a database by whether or not a system is created database management systems to give
acting as an interface between the utilizing the database approach, even users access to information.
user and the database. though the physical location or method of
data storage may be crucial for • It might also give the user a means to
• Data can be modified or extracted by performance reasons. access additional DBMS features.
users and other applications thanks to • The specifics of the data storage are Application software is any program
database management systems irrelevant as long as the DBMS can that offers a user interface through
access the data and carry out its duties which they can access DBMS
related to it. procedures.
 limitations of database approach

Introduction of new High cost to be Complex backup and High impact on the
professional and incurred to develop recovery services system when failure
specialized personnel and maintain the from the users occurs to the central
system perspective system
 range
Of database
application
Database Application
- A computer program whose primary purpose
is entering and retrieving information from a
computerized database. It is a software
designed to collect, manage, and disseminate
information efficiently.
 Database range categories

PERSONAL WORKGROUP
COMPUTER DATABASE
DATABASE
1 2

DEPARTMENTA 3 4 ENTERPRISE
L/ DIVISIONAL DATABASE
DATABASE
 DATABASE RANGE CATEGORIES

PERSONAL
COMPUTER
DATABASE
• A local database system which is
only for one user to store and
manage the data and information
on their own personal system.
DATABASE RANGE CATEGORIES

WORKGROUP
DATABASE
• allows for a multi-user environment
where all data is managed centrally by
the Workgroup Data Server.

• Workgroup Data Server is a service

that manages access to workgroup
databases for Info Works ICM and
other workgroup clients
DATABASE RANGE CATEGORIES

Departmental/ divisional
DATABASE
• Department databases are
designed to support the various
functions & activities of a
department.
DATABASE RANGE CATEGORIES

enterprise DATABASE

• one whose scope is the entire

organization or enterprise.

• extended to support organization-wide

operation and decision making.

Data Warehouse
- an integrated decision support database whose
content is derived from the various operational
databases.
 Types of database application

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

•(SQL)
a programming language for storing and processing information in a relational database.

NoSQL / NEW SQL

• a class of relational database management systems (RDBMS) designed to provide the
scalability of NoSQL systems for online transaction processing (OLTP) read-write
workloads while maintaining the ACID guarantees of traditional database systems.

EXCEL
• a combination of rows and columns, and these rows and columns store our data, which in other
terms are named records.
 Some representative applications

Banking Airlines Universitie Credit Tele-

s Card communication
Transaction

Finance Sales Online Manufacturin Human

Retailers g Resources
Why use database application?
advantages, costs, and risks
Of database approach
 advantages of database approach

 Minimal Database Redundancy

- In traditional, no database systems each department maintains its own files for
handling its data processing applications.

 Improved Data
Consistency
- By eliminating controlling data redundancy, we greatly reduce the opportunities for
inconsistency

 Improved Data Sharing

- The data stored at a centralized location can easily be shared by existing applications.
 advantages of database approach

 Enforcement of Standards
- The interchange of data between systems necessitates, standardization of the data
representation, with the central control of the database, the database administrator
can enforce standards in the representation of data.

 Improved Data Integrity

- The database approach provides a number of tools and processes to improved data
quality & integrity.

 Improved Data
Accessibility
- With a relational database, end-users without programming experience can often
retrieve and display data.
 advantages of database approach

 Improved Data Security

- The Database Administrator (DBA) can be defined as security rules to check unauthorized
access to data. Some users may be given the right to only retrieve data. Whereas others
may be permitted to retrieve & edit the data.

 Increased Productivity
- A major advantage of the database approach is that it greatly reduces the cost & time for
developing new business applications.

 Reduced Program Maintenance

- Change the data without necessitating a change in other factors, as a result, program
maintenance can be significantly reduced in a modern database environment.
 advantages of database approach
Improved
Data Integrity Improved
Enforcement
Data
of Standards
Accessibility

Improved Improved
Data Sharing Data Security

Improved
Increased
Data
Productivity
Consistency

Minimal ADVANTAGES Reduce

Database OF DATABASE Program
Redundancy APPROACH Maintenance
 Costs & risks of database
approach

NEW SPECIALIZED 1 3 CONVERSION COSTS

PERSONNEL

INSTALLATION & NEED FOR EXPLICIT BACKUP

MANAGEMENT COSTS AND 2 4 & RECOVERY
COMPLEXITY

5 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT
THANKS 4
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