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Sets

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17 views

Sets

Uploaded by

chetnasingh1804
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SETS

Sets are denoted by


Capital letters Sets use “curly” brackets

A = {1, 3, 2, 5}
n(A) = | A | = 4

The number of elements


in Set A is 4
3 A
7A 7 is not an element of A
3 is an element of A
A set is a distinct collection of objects. The objects are
called elements.
Order does not matter. If a set
{1, 2, 3, 4} = {2, 3, 1, 4} contains the same elements as
another set, the sets are equal.
{1,3,
{1,
{1, 3,2,2,
2,3,3,
5}5, 2}
5} In ascending
We order
never repeat elements in a set.

This symbol means "is a subset of"

AB This is read "A is a subset of B".


A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
If a set doesn't contain any elements it is called the
empty set or the null set. It is denoted by  or { }.
NOT {} 
It is agreed that the empty set is a subset of all other sets
so:

 A where A is any set.

List all of the subsets of {1, 2, 3}.

 {1} {2} {3} {1, 2} {1, 3} {2, 3} {1, 2, 3}

Notice the empty


set is NOT in set
brackets.
Number of Possible Subsets Total Number of
Elements in Set Possible Subsets

1. {A} {A}   2

2. {A , B} {A , B} {A} {B}   4

3. {A , B , C} {A , B , C} {A , B} {A , C} 8
{B , C} {A} {B} {C}

4. {A , B , C, D} {A , B , C , D} {A , B , C}
{A , B , D} {A , C , D} ?
16
{B , C , D} {A , B} {A , C}
{A , D} {A , B} …… {D} 

2
The number of possible subsets of a set of size n is ? n
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 3, 5, 7,
9} Remember we do
AB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9} not list elements
more than once.
This is the union symbol. It means the set that consists of all
elements of set A and all elements of set B.

AB = {1, 3, 5}

This is the intersect symbol. It means the set


containing all elements that are in both A and B.
These sets can be visualized with circles in what is called a
Venn Diagram.

A
A B
B A B

AB AB
Everything that is in Everything that is in
A or B. A AND B.
Often will have a set that contains all elements that we
wish to consider. This is called the universal set. All other
sets are subsets of this set.
AB=
Universal Set There are no
elements in
AA BA both A and B.
When this is
the case they
are called
disjoint sets.

This means the complement of A, and


A means the set of all elements in the
universal set that are not in A.
100 people were surveyed. 52 people in a survey owned a
cat. 36 people owned a dog. 24 did not own a dog or cat.
Draw a Venn diagram.

universal set is 100 people surveyed Since 24


52 + 36 = 88 so
did not own
there must be
a dog or
88 - 76 = 12
C D 24 cat, there
people that own 12
40 24 must be 76
both a dog and
that do.
a cat.

Set C is the cat owners and Set D is the dog n(C  D) = 76


owners. The sets are NOT disjoint. Some
people could own both a dog and a cat. This n means the
Counting Formula: number of elements
in the set
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A  B)

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