Enterprise Network Administration

Hasitha Gunasekara
BSc, MSc
IP Addresses
Bit Byte
A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0. A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used.
For the rest of this presentation, always assume a byte is 8
bits.

Octet
An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number. In this Presentation, the terms byte
and octet are completely interchangeable.
Network address
This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network—for example, 10.0.0.0,
172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.

Broadcast address
The address used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a network is called the
broadcast address.

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11111111.1111111.1111111.11111100

255.255.255.255

255.255.255.254
255.255.255.252

0.0.0.1
0.0.0.2
0.0.0.3 3
0.0.0.255
 Classes of IP Addresses

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 “ Why 32 bit ?
IPv4 chose 32 bit because it was the biggest register found in any
common processors at the time. It was an arbitrary choice that seemed
good enough at the time.

If you think why they didn't design for 64bit addresses. That would be
still more than enough forever even if every device on earth and our
solar system needed an IP address simultaneously. 2^64 is around
18,000,000,000,000,000 addresses. That's more than enough for the
next millennia.

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How are IP Addresses made ?
Network Address Range: Class A
The designers of the IP address scheme said that the first bit of the first byte
in a Class A network address must always be off, or 0. This means a Class A
address must be between 0 and 127 in the first byte, inclusive.

Consider the following network address:

0xxxxxxx
If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all on, we’ll find the Class A
range of network addresses:

00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127 🔑
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Network Address Range: Class B
In a Class B network, the RFCs state that the first bit of the first byte must
always be turned on but the second bit must always be turned off. If you turn the
other 6 bits all off and then all on, you will find the range for a Class B network:

10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191 🔑

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Network Address Range: Class C
For Class C networks, the RFCs define the first 2 bits of the first octet as
always turned on, but the third bit can never be on. Following the same
process as the previous classes, convert from binary to decimal to find the
range. Here’s the range for a Class C network:

11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223 🔑

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 What is a Private IP Address

▪ If every host on every network had to have real routable IP addresses, we

would have run out of IP addresses to hand out years ago.
▪ These addresses can be used on a private network.
▪ They are not routable through the Internet.
▪ Need to use something called Network Address Translation (NAT) to connect to
the Internet.

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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
has reserved the below ranges to Private IPs.

PRIVATE
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 Public IP Addresses

▪ Public IP addresses are what differentiate all devices that are plugged into the
public internet.
▪ Public IP address is also called an Internet IP.
▪ Global IP address allocation is handled by ICANN
(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

PUBLI 12
 TCP/IP Networking Model
Late 1960s
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was a project which began
in the Pentagon. In 1969, ARPANET developed packet switching. What would follow from
these experiments was the development of the initial protocols which would define the
internet, including TCP/IP, packet switching, and email developments.

1973
TCP v1 was designed in the spring of 1973 by Robert Elliot Kahn and Vinton Cerf.

1980
The first formal standard (or public) version of IP was version 4 – IPv4 - created in 1980
(TCP/IP v4)

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 History Leading to TCP/P
Today, the world of computer networking uses one networking model: TCP/IP.
However, the world has not always been so simple. Once upon a time,
networking protocols didn’t exist, including TCP/IP. Vendors created the first
networking protocols; these protocols supported only that vendor’s computers.

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TCP/IP Model

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Ethernet Standards
The term Ethernet refers to an entire family of standards. Some standards define the
specifics of how to send data over a particular type of cabling, and at a particular speed.
Other standards define protocols, or rules, that the Ethernet nodes must follow to be a part
of an Ethernet LAN. All these Ethernet standards come from the IEEE and include the
number 802.3 as the beginning part of the standard name.

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Modern Enterprise LANs

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CISCO
Packet Tracer

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Basic Router Configuration Using Packet Tracer

Basic Cisco Router Configuration

1) Setting router name to R1

2) Set privileged mode password to cisco

3) Set privileged mode secret to cisco

4) Set console line password to lab

5) Set auxiliary line password to ciscolab

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Lab Configuration

Task 1

Router(config)#hostname

R1

Task 2
R1(config)#
R1(config)#enable password cisco

Task 3
R1(config)#enable secret cisco
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Task 4

R1(config)#line con 0

R1(config-line)#password lab

R1(config-line)#login

Tack 5

R1(config)#line aux 0

R1(config-line)#password ciscolab

R1(config-line)#login 21
 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
▪ [email protected]
▪ 0777444773

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Hasitha Gunasekara 22