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Data Communication New

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Aagam Jain
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12 views

Data Communication New

Uploaded by

Aagam Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 A network is a set of devices or nodes

connected by communication links. A node

Computer can be a computer, printer, or any other

Network device capable of sending and/or receiving

data generated by other nodes on the

network.
Components of networks
 Intermediate Devices: Many interconnection device are required in a modern network, from the
interface that allows a single computer to communicate with other computers via a LAN cable or a
telephone line, to the large and complex switching devices that interconnect two or more entire
networks. The main categories of interconnection device used in computer networks are listed
below.
 Repeater
 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Access Point
 Modem
 Bridge
Hub

When a data packet enters a hub, the hub relays


that packet to all of the hub’s ports. Each node
compares the address on the packet with its own
address and either accepts it if the address is the
same or ignores it if the packet is addressed to
some other node.

If two or more computers try to send packets at


exactly the same time, collision detection feature
forces them to stop, wait, and try again a fraction
of a second later.
Hub

 In order to prevent collisions, each node must


examine the network to be certain that no other node
is already using the hub before it transmits a packet.
 In general, hubs are slow, simple, and cheap. They
operate at physical layer of OSI model
Types of Hub

Passive Hubs: A passive HUB simply combines the signals of network segments. There is
no signal regeneration. So it is used for smaller distances.

Active Hubs: Active HUB regenerates or amplifies the signals. This is why they are also
known as multiport repeaters. Because of this feature, the distance between devices can be
increased. They are expensive than passive HUBS.

Intelligent Hubs: Intelligent HUBS regenerates the signal and performs some N/W
management and intelligent path selection. Intelligent HUB includes switching HUBS.
Switches

 A switch performs the same function as a hub—it connects the


nodes of a network to one another—but it does the job quite
differently. Rather than sending every packet to every port, a switch
reads the address section of each incoming packet and sets up a
direct connection from the source of each packet to its destination.

 In the meantime, if some other node tries to send a data packet to


another unused port, the switch can set up the link without breaking
the other connection.

 A switch can handle more than one connection at the same time. It
operates at data link layer of the OSI model

 Data can move through a switch more quickly than through a hub.
Switches

• Data switches (and hubs) come in several sizes and


shapes. Switches often have 4,16,24 ports.When your
network expands to need more ports than your original
switch can provide, you can connect one or more
additional switches to one of the ports on the original
unit.
Routers
 A router translates information from one N/W to another.

 Routers connect dissimilar networks together & have access to information from
physical, data link & network layer.

 The key feature of router is to determine the shortest path to the destination.

 Router look at IP addresses.

 Router use one or more routing algorithms to calculate the best path through an
internetwork (shortest path algorithm, distance vector algorithm, link state
algorithm etc.).
Routers

 Router operates at the network layer


of the OSI reference model.
 Routers are relatively expensive and
difficult to setup and configure.
 Routers are good solution for
joining two remote networks.
Repeater
 A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the
signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side.

 Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its


method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or baud
rate.

 There are several different types of repeaters:

 a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line.

 radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a


radio signal.
In a wireless local area network, an access point is
a station that transmits and receives data
(sometimes referred to as a (transceiver).

An access point connects users to other users


within the network and also can serve as the point
of interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed
wire network.
Access
Point
Each access point can serve multiple users within
a defined network area; as people move beyond
the range of one access point, they are
automatically handed over to the next one.

A small WLAN may only require a single access


point; the number required increases as a function
of the number of network users and the physical
size of the network.
Access Point

 Modern access points support up to


255 clients (while very old ones
supported only about 20). APs also
provide bridging capability that
enables a local Wi-Fi network to
connect to other wired networks.
Modem
 A Modem is somewhat a more interesting network device in
our daily life. So if you have noticed around, you get an
internet connection through a wire to your house. This wire is
used to carry our internet data outside to the internet world.

 However, our computer generates binary data or digital data


in forms of 1s and 0s and on the other hand, a wire carries an
analog signal and that’s where a modem comes in.

 A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator). That means


it modulates and demodulates the signal between the digital
data of a computer and the analog signal of a telephone line.
Bridge

 If a router connects two different


types of networks, then a bridge
connects two subnetworks as a part
of the same network. You can think
of two different labs or two
different floors connected by a
bridge.
Network Interface
Card
 NIC: A network interface card (NIC) is a circuit
board or card that is installed in a computer so that
it can be connected to a network.

 A network interface card provides the computer


with a dedicated, full-time connection to a
network. Personal computers and workstations on
a local area network (LAN) typically contain a
network interface card specifically designed for the
LAN transmission technology

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