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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Ofdm

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LEEBAN MOSES M
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35 views11 pages

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Ofdm

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LEEBAN MOSES M
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ORTHOGONAL

FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING OFDM

BY,
KAVINPRASATH TS
7376234CO102
ADVANCE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
21CO53
INTRODUCTION IN OFDM?
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) is a widely used modulation scheme that
forms the basis of 4G/5G mobile communications systems. In the wideband multicarrier scheme,
information symbols are multiplexed on closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. This allows data to be
transmitted on parallel channels as long as the orthogonality of subcarriers is not disrupted by the
wireless channel. The key advantage of such data transmission is that the orthogonality property
enables the use of a single tap equalizer to detect the transmitted data at the receiver. Thus, it provides
a low complexity solution to reliable communication in frequency selective channels such as the static
multipath wireless channel. Even though OFDM with cyclic prefix (CP) has been the primary
waveform candidate for 4G/5G systems, it suffers from some limitations such as high peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR), out-of-band (OOB) emissions, sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets (CFO), and
severe loss of orthogonality in high-mobility wireless channels. Some of these issues can be mitigated
by modifying OFDM as, for example, universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) or filter bank
multicarrier (FBMC).
WHAT IS OFDM?

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used


modulation scheme that forms the basis of 4G/5G mobile communications systems. In the
wideband multicarrier scheme, information symbols are multiplexed on closely spaced
orthogonal subcarriers. In OFDM, several bits can be sent in parallel, or at the same time,
in separate sub-stream channels. This enables each sub-stream data rate to be lower than
would be required by a single stream of similar bandwidth. This makes the system less
susceptible to interference and enables more efficient data bandwidth.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital communication


technique initially developed for use in cable television systems. OFDM is similar to
the broadcasting technique known as frequency division multiplexing (also known as
FDM), which uses a multitude of transmitters and receivers to send information on
different frequencies over a single wire, such as an electrical power cable.
 The first use of OFDM was by Bell Labs in 1984, and it has since become widely used
in wireless applications such as mobile telephony and broadband communications. In
wireless communications, OFDM has become an alternative to single-carrier
modulation techniques such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time-
division multiple access (TDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). It is
used in applications including digital video broadcasting, digital audio broadcasting,
digital cable television, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing line (OFDML)
as well as ADSL.
ARCHITECTURE
 In digital wireless systems, M-ary OFDM, or 2 M-ary OFDM (M=2) is used to carry the data streams of

multiple users. In an M-ary system, the spectrum is divided into a set of Sub-bands such that each Sub-bands is

orthogonal. For example, in an 8 MHz bandwidth system, the spectrum may be split into eight 1 MHz Sub-

bands.

 These eight sub-bands are typically assigned to individual channels (digital ‘sub-channels’), but they can also be

used to encode data streams from several users (analog ‘sub-carriers’).

 Multilevel (M-ary) amplitude shift coding (ASK) transmits a symbol representing N=log 2 M bits of

information. A signal by Mary Ask Keep the carrier’s frequency in one of the discreet levels during the time of

the symbol Ts for the representation of n = log 2 m logical track signals for the transmission of information.

 Encoding M-ary OFDM is difficult. If the system must transmit a single stream, it can use SSB modulation, but

this requires precise synchronization of all Sub-carriers.

 It cannot use simple equalizers because each subcarrier has its own frequency offset. As a result, the rejection

can occur due to echo off adjacent Sub-carriers that have different frequencies. It is thus important to mitigate

the effect of inter-carrier interference by synchronous detection and correction.


USES

 OFDM is used in Digital radio, Digital Radio Mondiale, digital audio broadcasting, and
satellite radio.
 OFDM is used in Wired data transmission, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1901 powerline
networking, and cable internet providers.
ADVANTAGES:

 MIMO system with OFDM gives higher gain by using the direct and the reflected
signals, thus facilitating the transmission at high data rate.
 Efficient implementation of MIMO-OFDM system is based on IFFT/FFT algorithm
and MIMO encoding.
DRAWBACKS:

 Another disadvantage of OFDM is that it is more sensitive to frequency offset and


phase noise than other modulation techniques.
 Frequency offset is the difference between the actual and the expected frequency of the
signal, which can be caused by Doppler shift, oscillator drift, or synchronization errors.
CHARACTERISTICS:

 Orthogonality.
 Implementation using the FFT algorithm.
 Guard interval for elimination of intersymbol interference.
 Simplified equalization.
 Channel coding and interleaving.
 Adaptive transmission.
 OFDM extended with multiple access.
 Space diversity.
THANK
YOU

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