Database Systems
Normalization
Instructor :Farhan Sarwar
Topics To Cover
Normalization
It’s Purpose (to remove redundancy)
Anomalies related to Normalization
Normal Forms
Normalization
The objective of normalization:
“tocreate relations where every dependency is on
the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key”.
Normalization
A technique of organizing data into multiple related tables, to minimize DATA REDUNDANCY and
to make the design meaningful.
Normalization works through a series of stages called normal forms:
First normal form (1NF)
Second normal form (2NF)
Third normal form (3NF)
BCNF
Fourth normal form (4NF)
Fifth normal form (5NF)
It’s Purpose
The purpose of normalization is to remove
redundancy (not completely but partially).
Repetition of data increases the size of
database.
Anomalies Related to Data Redundancy
Following three problems arise due to redundancy in data:
Insertion Anomaly
Deletion Anomaly
Updation Anomaly
Insertion Anomaly
An Insert Anomaly occurs when
certain attributes cannot
be inserted into the database without
the presence of other attributes.
Or to insert redundant data for every
new row is a data insertion problem
or anomaly.
Deletion Anomaly
Loss of a related dataset
when some other dataset
is deleted.
Updation Anomaly
An update anomaly is a data inconsistency
that results from data redundancy and a
partial update
Need to update repeated information in each
and every record.
Data becomes inconsistent even if one record
is missed.
Result after Normalization
Normal Forms
1st Normal Form
Rule 1: Single Valued Attributes
Each column of your table should be single valued which
means they should not contain multiple values. We will
explain this with help of an example later, let's see the other
rules for now.
Rule 2: Attribute Domain should not change
This is more of a "Common Sense" rule. In each column the
values stored must be of the same kind or type.
1st Normal Form
Rule 3: Unique name for Attributes/Columns
This rule expects that each column in a table should
have a unique name. This is to avoid confusion at the
time of retrieving data or performing any other
operation on the stored data.
Rule 4: Order doesn't matters
This rule says that the order in which you store the data
in your table doesn't matter.
2nd Normal Form
For a table to be in the Second Normal Form, it must satisfy two conditions:
The table should be in the First Normal Form.
There should be no Partial Dependency.
2nd Normal Form
What is Dependency?
Let's take an example of a Student table with columns student_id, name, reg_no(registration
number), branch and address(student's home address).
In this table, student_id is the primary key and will be unique for every row, hence we can use student_id to fetch
any row of data from this table
2nd Normal Form
Even for a case, where student names are same, if we know the student_id we can easily fetch the correct record.
Hence we can say a Primary Key for a table is the column or a group of columns(composite key) which can
uniquely identify each record in the table.
This is Dependency and we also call it Functional Dependency.
2nd Normal Form
So now let's extend our example to see if more than 1 column together can act as a primary key.
Let's create another table for Subject, which will have subject_id and subject_name fields and subject_id will be the
primary key.
2nd Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
3rd Normal Form
For a table to be in the third normal form,
It should be in the Second Normal form.
And it should not have Transitive
Dependency.
3rd Normal Form
Transitive Dependency:
Primary key for our Score table is a composite key, which means it's made up of two attributes or columns → student_id
+ subject_id.
Our new column exam_name depends on both student and subject. For example, a mechanical engineering student will
have Workshop exam but a computer science student won't. And for some subjects you have Practical exams and for
some you don't. So we can say that exam_name is dependent on both student_id and subject_id.
But, the column total_marks depends on exam_name as with exam type the total score changes. For example, practicals
are of less marks while theory exams are of more marks.
But, exam_name is just another column in the score table. It is not a primary key or even a part of the primary key.
This is Transitive Dependency. When a non-prime attribute depends on other non-prime attributes.
3rd Normal Form
3rd Normal Form
3rd Normal Form
EXAMPLE TO SOLVE
Supplier Product Cost Markup Price Dept
Code
21 – Very Veggie 4108 – tomatoes 1.89 5% 1.99 PR
32 – Fab Fruits 4081 – bananas 0.20 75% 0.35 PR
32 – Fab Fruits 4027 – grapefruit 0.45 100% 0.90 PR
32 – Fab Fruits 4851 – celery 1.00 100% 2.00 PR
08 – Meats R Us 331100 – chicken wings 0.50 300% 1.50 BU
08 – Meats R Us 331105 – lean ground beef 0.60 400% 2.40 BU
08 – Meats R Us 332110 – boneless chicken breasts 2.50 100% 5.00 BU
10 – Jerry’s Juice 411100 – orange juice 0.25 400% 1.00 FR
10 – Jerry’s Juice 521101 – apple juice 0.25 400% 1.00 FR
45 – Icey Creams 866503 – vanilla ice cream 2.50 100% 5.00 FR
45 – Icey Creams 866504 – chocolate ice cream 2.50 100% 5.00 FR
NEXT LECTURE
BCNF
4th Normal Form
5th Normal Form
