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Lab 4

The document discusses numerical descriptive measures including the mean, median, and mode. It provides examples and explanations of how to calculate each measure and relationships between them. For the mean, it explains how to find the average. For the median, it discusses ranking data and finding the middle value. The mode is defined as the most frequently occurring value.

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6 views

Lab 4

The document discusses numerical descriptive measures including the mean, median, and mode. It provides examples and explanations of how to calculate each measure and relationships between them. For the mean, it explains how to find the average. For the median, it discusses ranking data and finding the middle value. The mode is defined as the most frequently occurring value.

Uploaded by

ahmedtarek544a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability and statistics

Lab 4
Numerical descriptive measures

• Mean

• Median

• Mode

• Relationships among the Mean, Median, and Mode .


a. Mean
The mean for ungrouped data is obtained by dividing the sum of all
values by the number of values in the data set.

o Mean for population data:


  x
N

o Mean for sample data: x


 x
n
Example 1
2008 Sales of Six U.S. Companies

Find the 2008 mean sales for these six companies.


Solution

x  x 1  x2  x3  x 4  x5  x 6
 149  406  183  107  426  97  1368

x
 x

1368
 228  $228 Billion
n 6

Thus, the mean 2008 sales of these six companies was 228, or
$228 billion.
Example 2
The following are the ages (in years) of all eight employees of a small
company:

53 32 61 27 39 44 49 57

Find the mean age of these employees.


Solution

  x 362
  45.25 years
N 8

Thus, the mean age of all eight employees of this company is 45.25
years, or 45 years and 3 months.
Example 3
This table lists the total philanthropic givings (in million dollars) by six
companies during 2007.

Notice that the charitable contributions made by Wal-Mart are very large
compared to those of other companies. Hence, it is an outlier. Show how the
inclusion of this outlier affects the value of the mean.
Solution

If we do not include the charitable givings of Wal-Mart (the outlier), the


mean of the charitable contributions of the fiver companies is

22.4  31.8  19.8  9.0  27.5


Mean   $22.1 million
5
Solution Cont..
• Now, to see the impact of the outlier on the value of the mean, we
include the contributions of Wal-Mart and find the mean contributions
of the six companies. This mean is

22.4  31.8  19.8  9.0  27.5  337.9


Mean   $74.73 million
6
b. Median
Definition:
The median is the value of the middle term in a data set that has
been ranked in increasing order.
The calculation of the median consists of the following two
steps:
1. Rank the data set in increasing order.
2. Find the middle term. The value of this term is the median.
Example 4

The following data give the prices (in thousands of dollars) of seven
houses selected from all houses sold last month in a city.

312 257 421 289 526 374 497

Find the median.


Solution
First, we rank the given data in increasing order as follows:
257 289 312 374 421 497 526
Since there are seven homes in this data set and the middle term is the
fourth term,

Thus, the median price of a house is 374.


Example 5
Find the median of these data.
Solution

First we rank the given profits as follows:

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 17 17 45

There are 12 values in this data set. Because there is an even number of values in

the data set, the median is given by the average of the two middle values.
Solution Cont…

The two middle values are the sixth and seventh in the foregoing list of data, and
these two values are 12 and 13.

12  13 25
Median    12.5  $12.5 billion
2 2

Thus, the median profit of these 12 companies is $12.5 billion.

Note: The median gives the center of a histogram, with half the data values to the
left of the median and half to the right of the median.
c. Mode

• Definition:

The mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a

data set.
Example 6

The following data give the speeds (in miles per hour) of eight cars that
were stopped on I-95 for speeding violations.

77 82 74 81 79 84 74 78

Find the mode.


Solution

In this data set, 74 occurs twice and each of the remaining values occurs

only once. Because 74 occurs with the highest frequency, it is the mode.

Therefore,

Mode = 74 miles per hour


Mode Cont…
A major shortcoming of the mode is that a data set may have none or
may have more than one mode, whereas it will have only one mean and
only one median.

o Unimodal: A data set with only one mode.

o Bimodal: A data set with two modes.

o Multimodal: A data set with more than two modes.


Example 7

Last year’s incomes of five randomly selected families were $76,150.


$95,750, $124,985, $87,490, and $53,740. Find the mode.

Solution
Because each value in this data set occurs only once, this data set
contains no mode.
Example 8
Find the mode for these data.
Solution

Each of the two values 13 and 17 occurs twice, and each of the
remaining values occurs only once. Therefore, that data set has two
modes: $13 billion and $ 17 billion.
Example 9
The ages of 10 randomly selected students from a class are

21, 19, 27, 22, 29, 19, 25, 21, 22 and 30 years.

Find the mode.


Solution

This data set has three modes: 19, 21 and 22. Each of these three values
occurs with a (highest) frequency of 2.
Mode Cont…

One advantage of the mode is that it can be calculated for both kinds of

data -quantitative and qualitative - whereas the mean and median can be

calculated for only quantitative data.


Example 10

The status of five students who are members of the student senate at a
college are senior, sophomore, senior, junior, senior.

Find the mode.


Solution

Because senior occurs more frequently than the other categories, it is


the mode for this data set. We cannot calculate the mean and median for
this data set.

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