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M2 Lecture9

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19 views

M2 Lecture9

Uploaded by

Parth Vora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GSM Architecture

GSM Architecture
GSM Network Organization
The GSM network can be broadly divided into −
• The Mobile Station (MS)
• The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
GSM - The Mobile Station
• The MS consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio
transceiver, display and digital signal processors, and the SIM card. It
provides the air interface to the user in GSM networks. The MS also
provides the receptor for SMS messages, enabling the user to toggle
between the voice and data use.
GSM - The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The BSS is composed of two parts −
• The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• The Base Station Controller (BSC)
• The BTS and the BSC communicate across
the specified Abis interface, enabling
operations between components that are
made by different suppliers.
• The radio components of a BSS may consist
of four to seven or nine cells.
• A BSS may have one or more base stations.
The BSS uses the Abis interface between
the BTS and the BSC.
• A separate high-speed line (T1 or E1) is then
connected from the BSS to the Mobile MSC.
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles
the radio link protocols with the MS.

• The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each


cell of the network.

• A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power


defines the size of a cell.

• Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the


density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves as a single cell.
It also includes the following functions −
• Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing,
modulating, and feeding the RF signals
to the antenna
• Transcoding and rate adaptation
• Time and frequency synchronizing
• Voice through full- or half-rate services
• Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing
received signals
• Random access detection
• Timing advances
• Uplink channel measurements
The Base Station Controller (BSC)

• The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles
radio channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers.
• The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.
• The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio
link to the standard 64 Kbps channel used by the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN.
• It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The BSC
also handles intercell handover.
• It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS in its area. The
function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between
the BTS and the MSC.
The additional functions include−
• Control of frequency hopping
• Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from
the MSC
• Providing an interface to the Operations and Maintenance Center for
the BSS
• Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
• Time and frequency synchronization
• Power management
• Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS
GSM - The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

• The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which


is the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), performs the
switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or
mobile network users, as well as the management of mobile
services such as authentication.
The switching system includes the following functional elements −
Home Location Register (HLR)
• The HLR is a database used for storage and management of
subscriptions.
• The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores
permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service
profile, location information, and activity status.
• When an individual buys a subscription in the form of SIM, then all
the information about this subscription is registered in the HLR of that
operator.
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
• The central component of the Network Subsystem is the MSC.
• The MSC performs the switching of calls between the mobile and
other fixed or mobile network users, as well as the management of
mobile services such as registration, authentication, location
updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber.
• It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing,
common channel signaling, and others. Every MSC is identified by a
unique ID.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about
subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers.
• The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station
roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will
request data about the mobile station from the HLR.
• Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the
HLR each time.
Authentication Center (AUC)
• The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy
of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used
for authentication and ciphering of the radio channel.
• The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud
found in today's cellular world.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list
of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where its International
Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifies each MS.
• An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not
type approved.
GSM - The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
• The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all
equipment in the switching system and to the BSC.
• The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support
system (OSS).
Some of the OMC functions−
• Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end
terminals, charging, and statistics).
• Security Management.
• Network configuration, Operation, and Performance Management.
• Maintenance Tasks.
• The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator
monitors and controls the system.
• The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for
centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities
that are required for a GSM network.
• An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and
support the maintenance activities of different operation and
maintenance organizations.
The additional components of the GSM
architecture comprise of databases and
messaging systems functions −
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• Authentication Center (AuC)
• SMS Serving Center (SMS SC)
• Gateway MSC (GMSC)
• Chargeback Center (CBC)
• Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)

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