Chapter Two

Shear Force, Bending Moment and Pure

Bending

Addisalem M.
 Introduction
• Forces that act on a body can divide into two primary types:
Applied and Reactive.
• In common engineering usage, applied forces are forces that act
directly on the member .
• Reactive forces are forces generated by action of one body on
another and hence typically occur at connection or supports.

• The existence of reactive

forces follows from
Newton’s Third law,
which states that to every
actions there is equal and
opposite reaction.
 Types of support
• Roller support, Hinge support, Fixed support
Roller support

• Roller supports are free to rotate

and translate along the surface
upon which the roller rests. The
surface can be horizontal, vertical,
or inclined at an angle.
• Hinge/ pin support:
A hinge support can resist both vertical and horizontal
forces but not a moment . They will allow the structural
member to rotate, but not translate in any direction.
• Fixed support:
• Fixed support can resist vertical and horizontal forces
as well as the moment since they resist both
translation and translation.
• They are also known as rigid support.
Types of beam
• Cantilever beam
A beam which is fixed at one end and free at the other
end is known as cantilever beam.
• Simply supported beam
• A beam supported or resisting freely on the supports
at its both ends,
Fixed beam
• A beam whose both ends are fixed and is restrained
against rotation and vertical movements.

Over hanging beam

• If the end support of one end is extended outside the
supports.
Types of load
Uniformly distributed load
 Shear force and bending moment
• When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, stresses
and strains are created throughout the interior of the
beam.
• To determine these stresses and strains, the internal
forces and internal couples that act on the cross
sections of the beam must be found.
• Shear force: at the section is defined as the algebraic
sum of forces taken on one side of the section.
• Bending moment is defined as algebraic sum of
moments of forces about the section , taken on one
side of the section.
 S.F and B.M sign convention

• Both shear force and bending moment are vector

quantities requiring a convention of signs in order
that values of opposite sense may be separated.
 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
(SFD and BMD)
• SFD and BMD of a beam shows the variation of shear
force and bending moment along the length of the
beam.
• The long way is more comprehensive, and generates
expressions for internal shear and internal bending
moment in terms of x: V(x) and M(x), respectively.
 Things to remember for drawing of S.F and B.M
• Start from the right hand section
• Use sign convention of the side which you are choosing
• If things are complicated use the other side of section
• End point of shear force will be equal and opposite to
the reactions at that point
• Make the points and draw the diagram considering the
type of load
• At change in nature of forces there will be two points in
shear force diagram
• At couple there will be two points in B.M diagram
Basic Steps
Relationship between Load, Shear force and Bending
Moment
Example

1. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for

a simply supported beam AB of span L subjected to a
single concentrated load P
Example
Example…
3. Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagram for the beam shown below
• The bending moment at a section tends to bend or
deflect the beam and the internal stresses resist its
bending.
• The process of bending stops, when every cross section
sets up full resistance to the bending moment.

• The resistance offered by the

internal stresses, to the
bending, is called bending
stress.
 Theory of simple Bending
Assumption
• The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
• The value of Modulus of Elasticity is same in tension and
compression.
• The transverse section which were plane before bending,
remain plane after bending.
• The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal
filaments bend into circular arcs with a common center
of curvature.
• The radius of curvature is large as compared to the
dimensions of the cross-section.
• Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract,
independently of the layer, above or below it.
 Bending stress…

• Consider an initially straight beam,

under pure bending.
• The beam may be assumed to be
composed of an infinite number of
longitudinal fibers.
• Due to the bending, fibers in the lower
part of the beam extend and those in
the upper parts are shortened.
• Somewhere in-between, there would be
a layer or fiber that has undergone no
extension or change in length.
• This layer is called neutral layer/neutral
axis
Bending stress…
• Consider a small length of a simply supported beam
subjected to a bending moment as Shown in Fig. (a).
• Now consider two sections AB and CD, which are
normal to the axis of the beam RS.
• Due to action of the bending moment, the beam as a
whole will bend as shown in Fig. (b)
Bending Stress…
• Consider a small section dx of a beam subjected to a
bending moment as shown in the figure below.

• As a result of this moment,

let this small length of
beam bend into an arc of a
circle with ‘O’ as center as
shown in Fig.
General Equation of Bending
 Moment of Inertia (I)

• Moment of inertia of plane area is a geometrical

property of an area which reflects how its points are
distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
• Area moment of inertia measures a beam ability to
resist bending. The larger the moment of inertia the
less beam will bend.
Moment of inertia of different shapes
• Using Inertia equation of basic shapes, moment of
inertia for symmetrical I- section can be determined.
Parallel Axis Theorem
Location of Neutral Axis
 Example
1. A circular beam of 120mm diameter is simply
supported over a span of 10m and carries a u.d.l of
1000N/m. find the maximum bending stress
produced.

2. Determine the maximum bending stress developed

in a beam of rectangular cross section 50mm*150mm
(take larger dimension as depth of the cross section)
when a bending moment of 600N.m is applied about x-
x axis.
Example…

3. A hollow circular bar having outside diameter twice

the inside diameter is used as a beam. From BMD of
the beam it is found that the bar is subjected to B.M of
40kN.m. if the allowable bending stress in the beam is
to be limited to 100MPa.Find diameters of the bar.
Example..

5. An inverted-T section beam is loaded as illustrated.

Find the maximum tensile stress, maximum compressive
stress and the maximum shear stress in the beam.
Example 4