GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity

1
3D Viewing

View of an object in 3 D is similar to
photographing an object
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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3d Rendering Pipeline
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
3D Primitives
Image
This is a pipelined
sequence of operations to
draw a 3D primitive into a
2D image for direct
illumination
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
3
In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
4
In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
5
In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
Transform into 2D viewing coordinate
system
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
Transform into 2D viewing coordinate
system
Clip primitives outside windows view
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
8
In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
View port Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
Transform into 2D viewing coordinate
system
Clip primitives outside windows view
Transform into viewport
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
9
In Pipeline
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
Transform into 2D viewing coordinate
system
Clip primitives outside windows view
Transform into viewport
Draw pixels(includes texturing,
hidden surface etc.)
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Transformation
Transform into3d world
coordinate system
Model Transformation
Lighting
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Clipping
Viewport Transformation
Scan Conversion
Image
Illustrate according to lighting and
reflectance
Transform into 3D viewing coordinate
system
Transform into 2D viewing coordinate
system
Clip primitives outside windows view
Transform into viewport
Draw pixels(includes texturing,
hidden surface etc.)
3D Primitives
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Transformation Pipeline
3D Object Coordinate or modelling
coordinate
Modeling Transformation
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Workstation Transformation
p(x, y)
P(x, y, z)
3D World Coordinate
3D Viewing Coordinate
2D Projection Coordinate
2D Device Coordinate
3D Viewing Coordinate
3D Object Coordinate
3D World Coordinate
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Viewing Transformation
3D Object Coordinate
Model Transformation
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Viewport Transformation
p(x, y)
P(x, y, z)
3D World Coordinate
Viewing
Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
2D Projection Coordinate
2D Device Coordinate
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
13
Specifying the view plane
Choose the particular view for a scene
by establishing viewing coordinate
system or view reference coordinate
system.
The view plane or projection plane is
set up perpendicular to viewing zv
axis.

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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The view plane or projection plane is set up perpendicular
to viewing zv axis.
yw
zw
xw
yv
xv
zv
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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View plane positioning
along zv axis
xv
yv
zv
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Viewing system defined with
unit vectors u, v, n
yv
xv
zv
n
v
u
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World coordinate positions in the scene are
transformed to viewing coordinates, then
viewing coordinates are projected to the
view plane.
To establish viewing coordinate , first pick
up the world coordinate position called view
reference point.
View reference point is the particular point
of aim to view the whole object.

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Next select the positive direction for the
viewing zv axis and the orientation of the
view plane, by specifying the view plane
normal vector, N.
View plane is perpendicular to zv. Therefore
perpendicular to view plane is along zv and
so N along positive zv axis.

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Finally choose the up direction for the view
by specifying a vector V called the view up
vector. This vector establishes the positive
direction for yv axis.
Compute the third vector U perpendicular to
both N & V to define the direction for xv axis.

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Viewing system defined with
unit vectors u, v, n
yv
xv
zv
n
v
u
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Transformation from world to
viewing coordinate.
Before object descriptions can be projected
to the view plane , they must be transferred
to viewing coordinates.
Transformation sequence is
1. Translate the view reference point to the
origin of the world coordinate system.
2. Apply rotations to align the xv, yv & zv axes
with the world xw, yw and zw axes.
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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yw
zw
xw
yv
xv
zv
yw
z
w
xw
yv
xv
zv
yw
zw
xw
yv
xv
zv
Mwc,vc = RT
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Viewing Transformation
3D Object Coordinate
Model Transformation
Viewing Transformation
Projection Transformation
Viewport Transformation
p(x, y)
P(x, y, z)
3D World Coordinate
Viewing
Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
2D Projection Coordinate
2D Device Coordinate
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Projection
General definition
Transform points in n-space to m-space(m<n)
In computer graphics
Map viewing coordinates to 2D screen coordinates
After converting world coordinate to viewing coordinates
project 3 D objects into the 2D view plane.
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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2 Basic Projection Methods
PARLLEL PROJECTION
Coordinate positions are transformed to the
view plane along parallel lines.
Preserves relative proportion of object .
Accurate views of object are obtained
But does not give a realistic representation
of the appearance of a 3 D object.


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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Parallel Projection
P1
P2
P1
P2
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Parallel Projection
Center of projection is at infinity
Direction of projection (DOP) same for all points
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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2. Perspective Projection
Object positions are transformed to the view plane
along lines that converge to a point called
projection reference point or centre of projection.
The projected view of an object is determined by
calculating the intersection of the projection lines
with the view plane.
Perspective projection produces a realistic view ,but
does not preserve relative proportion.
Projection of distant objects are smaller than the
projections of object of the same size that are closer
to the projection.

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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P1
P2
P1
P2
View plane
Projection reference point
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Projection of distant objects are smaller than
the projections of object of the same size
that are closer to the projection.


View plane
Projection reference point
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Perspective Projection
Map points onto view plane along
projectors emanating from center of
projection(cop)
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric
projection
Parallel Perspective
Orthographic Oblique
Top
Front
Side
Axonometric Cabinet
Cavalier
Other
One-point
Two-point
Three-point
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric
projection
Parallel Perspective
Orthographic Oblique
Top
Front
Side
Axonometric Cabinet
Cavalier
Other
One-point
Two-point
Three-point
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Parallel Projection
Specify parallel projection with a projection
vector that defines the direction of
projection lines.
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Orthographic Projections
DOP perpendicular to view plane
orthographic
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Orthographic projections are used to produce
front, side and top views of an object.
Front ,side and rear orthographic projections
are called as Elevations.
Top projection is called plan view.
Orthographic projection that displays more
than one face of an object is-Axonometric
orthographic projection.
The mostly used axonometric projection-
Isometric Projection
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Oblique Projections
DOP not perpendicular to view plane
Cavalier
(DOP at 45 )
Cabinet
(DOP at 63.4 )

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Transformation equation for
orthographic projection
Viewplane is positioned
at zvp along zv axis.

P (x,y,z)
(x,y)
zv
xv
yv
Orthographic projection of P (x,y,z) to viewing plane
xp = x
yp =y
Z coordinate is preserved for depth
information
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Oblique projection of P (x,y,z) to (xp,yp)
on the view plane
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Projection line from (x,y,z) to (xp, yp) make
an angle with the line on the projection
plane that joins (xp, yp) and (x, y).
L is at an angle with horizontal direction in
projection plane.
Express projection coordinates in terms of
x, y, L &
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Parallel Projection Matrix
General parallel projection transformation
) sin (
) cos (
tan
, tan
sin , cos
1
1
1
|
|
o
o
| |
L z y y
L z x x
zL
z
L
L
z
L y y L x x
p
p
p p
+ =
+ =
= = =
+ = + =
Where L
1
is the inverse of tan , which is also
the value of L when z=1
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Parallel Projection Matrix
General parallel projection transformation
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 sin 1 0
0 cos 0 1
1
1
z
y
x
L
L
w
z
y
x
p
p
p
p
|
|
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric
projection
Parallel Perspective
Orthographic Oblique
Top
Front
Side
Axonometric Cabinet
Cavalier
Other
One-point
Two-point
Three-point
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Classes of Perspective Projection
One-Point Perspective
Two-Point Perspective
Three-Point Perspective- depending
upon the number of vanishing points.
View from Above
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Perspective Projection
How many vanishing point?
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Vanishing Points
Any set of parallel lines in the object that are not
parallel to the view plane are projected into
converging lines.
Parallel lines that are parallel to the view plane will
be projected as parallel lines.
The point at which a set of projected parallel lines
appears to converge is called vanishing point.

Vanishing point of a principal axis principal
vanishing point (pvp)
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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One-Point Perspective
One principal axis cuts
projection plane one
principal vanishing
point
Projection plane parallel
to one principal plane
object
image
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Two-Point Perspective
Two principal
axes cut
projection plane
two principal
vanishing points
Projection plane
parallel to one
principal axis
object
image
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Three-Point Perspective
Three principal axes
cut projection plane
three principal
vanishing points
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Perspective Projection
Transform points along projection lines that
meet at projection reference point.
Set projection reference point at position
zprp along zv axis .
Place view plane at zvp.
P (x,y,z)
(xp,yp,zvp)
(0,0,zprp)
zvp
View
plane
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Perspective projection
coordinates in
parametric form
1. x = x-xu
2. y = y-yu
3. z =z-(z-zprp)u
u from 0 to 1
When u =0 , P (x,y,z)
When u=1, (0,0,zprp)
x,y,z be any point from
P (x,y,z) to (0,0,zprp) on
the projection line.
On the view plane z=zvp
Substituting in 3
zvp = z - (z-zprp)u
u= (zvp z)/(zprp z)
Substituting u in 1 &2 you
will get the value of x &
y


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u= (zvp z) / (zprp - z)
Substituting u in (1) & (2)
xp = x (zprp zvp)/(z zprp)
yp = y (zprp zvp)/(z zprp)
Distance of the view plane from the
projection reference point is dp
dp= zprp zvp
xp=dp/z-zprp
yp=dp/z-zprp

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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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View plane as uv plane or xy
plane.
Since viewplane is on xy plane zvp = 0

xp = x (zprp zvp) / (z zprp)
yp = y (zprp zvp) / (z zprp)
xp = x (zprp) / (z zprp)
yp = y (zprp) / (z zprp)
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Projection reference point at
viewing coordinate origin
xp = x (zprp zvp) / (z zprp)
Since zprp =0,
xp = x( -zvp/z)
yp = y (zprp zvp) / (z zprp)
Since zprp =0,
yp = y(-zvp/ z)
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric
projection
Parallel Perspective
Orthographic Oblique
Top
Front
Side
Axonometric Cabinet
Cavalier
Other
One-point
Two-point
Three-point
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Perspective vs. Parallel
Perspective projection
Size varies inversely with distance looks
realistic
Distance and angles are not(in general)
preserved
Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel
Parallel projection
Good for exact measurements
Parallel lines remain parallel
Angles are not (in general) preserved
Less realistic looking







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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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View Volume
3 D viewing window.
Set up view volume using window
boundaries.
Only the objects within the view volume will
appear in the generated display of output
device.
Size of the view volume depends on the size
of the window
Shape of the view volume depends on the
type of projection used to generate the
display.
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Parallel Projection View
Volume
For parallel projection the view volume is infinite parallelpiped
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GraphicsLab@KoreaUniversity
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Perspective Projection
View Volume
For perspective projection the view volume is a pyramid with apex
at projection reference point