DT311

CHAPTER 7
LESSON 1
“Build It Up”
Instructions:
1.The class will be divided in to 5 groups
2.The teacher will provide each group with the
materials listed above.
3.The class will build a tower as high as they can
using the broom sticks.
4.The tower should last atleast ten seconds to
prove that it is strong enough.
5.The class who has the highest tower will be the
winner
INTRODUCTIO
N TO LUMBER
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
1. Discuss the history of building construction
using lumber.
2. Construct a miniature of a nipa hut using
broom sticks as representation of lumber.
3. Develop an appreciation towards the
importance of understanding lumber.
LESSON 1
HISTORY OF
WOOD USE
 HISTORY OF WOOD USE
ANCIENT
PRE-HISTORIC ERA
CIVILIZATIONS
Wood, as a versatile and readily available As we moved into the period of ancient
resource, has played an essential role since the civilizations, wood continued to be a
dawn of humanity. Our prehistoric ancestors cornerstone of human development. It was
recognized its utility and harnessed its potential utilized in various forms, from construction
in a myriad of ways. material to a medium for artistic expression,
underlining its importance in the growth of
societies.
CONTEMPORARY
WOOD USAGE
As we moved into the 21st century, wood
has retained its relevance in a world
increasingly focused on sustainability and
environmental responsibility.
Role of wood in modern
construction
In contemporary construction, wood has
proven to be an extraordinarily versatile
material. Advances in wood processing and
engineering have led to the development of
innovative products like cross-laminated
timber (CLT), glue-laminated timber (glulam),
and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), to name a
few.
These engineered wood products combine wood’s
natural beauty and biophilia with strength and
durability that rival traditional construction materials
like steel and concrete.
Wood is extensively used in residential construction
for framing, flooring, and cabinetry. Moreover, the
emergence of mass timber construction has
reintroduced wood to large-scale, multi-story
constructions. Often characterized by their beauty and
sustainability, these structures exemplify the
successful marriage of tradition and innovation.
 WOOD AS A SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE IN THE
21ST CENTURY

In the era of climate change and environmental crises, the

use of wood as a sustainable resource has taken on new significance.
As a renewable material, wood stores carbon throughout its lifetime,
helping to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. When harvested
responsibly from well-managed forests, wood provides a lower
environmental impact alternative to more energy-intensive materials.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

Anatomical Structure of Wood

Understanding the fundamental properties of wood requires

a close look at its anatomical structure. This microscopic architecture
gives wood its characteristic properties and shapes its interactions
with the surrounding environment.
 Cell structure and its impact on properties

Wood is essentially a mass of cells, primarily made up of three types:

parenchyma, fibers, and vessels or tracheids. Each of these cells
plays a specific role and contributes to the overall properties of
wood.
 Future Trends in Wood and Lumber Use
As we look to the future, sustainability and efficient resource use
have become vital in all industries, including forestry and lumber
production. Wood is a renewable resource, but only if managed
responsibly.

Sustainable Forestry Practices

Sustainable forestry practices aim to ensure that the extraction of
timber products minimizes damage to the rest of the ecosystem. This
involves careful management of the forest’s growth and regeneration,
biodiversity, and ecological resilience.
 Importance of sustainable practices
Sustainable practices are important to maintain the health
and diversity of our forests, which are essential to many forms of life
and perform vital ecological functions such as carbon sequestration
and oxygen production. Forests also provide habitats for wildlife,
contribute to local economies, and offer recreation opportunities.
ACTIVITY
The class will be divided into to two groups. Each group will make a
miniature of a “nipa hut” using broomstick.
RUBRICS
Excellent Good Poor
(5 points) (4 points) (3 points)
Completeness The output was done The output was done The output was not
completely before the fairly on the given finished.
given time limit. time limit.

Cooperation/ Participation All the members of Some members of Only few members of the
the group are actively the group are not group are participating
participating on the actively participating on the activity.
activity. on the activity.
Creativity The presentation is The presentation is The presentation lacks
organized and the organized and the with organization and the
output was clearly output was not output was not
explained. explained well. explained.
TOTAL
QUIZ
Direction: Read each question carefully and select the most
appropriate answer from the choices provided.
1. What is the earliest known period during which wood was
used, according to archaeological evidence?
A) Neolithic Era
B) Early Pleistocene Era
C) Bronze Age
D) Iron Age
2. What roles did wood play in ancient civilizations?
A) As a primary material for artistic expression and construction
B) Only for making weapons
C) Exclusively for religious artifacts
D) Only as a source of fuel
3. Which modern wood products have been developed for their strength and
durability, rivaling traditional construction materials?
A) Plywood and particleboard
B) Cross-laminated timber (CLT), glue-laminated timber (glulam), and
laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
C) Oak and mahogany
D) Pulpwood and chipboard
4. Why is wood considered a sustainable resource in the 21st century?
A) It can be recycled indefinitely
B) It stores carbon throughout its lifetime and can be harvested responsibly
C) It does not require any processing
D) It is indestructible
5. What is the importance of sustainable forestry practices?
A) To reduce the cost of wood products
B) To ensure forests' health and biodiversity, and maintain their ecological
functions
C) To increase the speed of timber harvesting
D) To eliminate the need for replanting trees
ASSIGNMENT

Direction: Copy the following on your notebook.

1. Search for the classification of lumber used in
construction.
2. Provide 5 types and Pictures for every classification.
LESSON 2
YEAH THAT’S ME
INSTRUCTION

Instructions:
1. The class will have atleast 5 volunteers to play the games
2. Each volunteer will be given with pictures of lumber.
3. You must identify which wood tree is the lumber belong.
.
Classification of Lumber
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:
1.Classify different types and sizes of lumber.
2.Illustrate a material that used in building using
lumber.
3.Develop an appreciation towards the
importance of understanding lumber.
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER

Trees are classified as either softwood or

hardwood (table 3-3). Therefore, all lumber is
referred to as either "softwood" or "hardwood."
The terms "softwood" and "hardwood" can be
confusing since some softwood lumber is harder
than some hardwood lumber.
 SOFT WOOD
Trees are classified as either softwood or hardwood (table 3-3). Therefore, all
lumber is referred to as either "softwood" or "hardwood." The terms
"softwood" and "hardwood" can be confusing since some softwood lumber is
harder than some hardwood lumber.

HARD WOOD
Grades of hardwood lumber are established by the National Hardwood
Lumber Association. FAS (firsts and seconds) is the best grade. It specifies
that pieces be no less than 6-inches wide by 8-feet long and yield at least 83
1/3 percent clear cuttings.
 LUMBER SIZES
Standard lumber sizes have been
established in the United States for uniformity in
planning structures and in ordering materials.
Lumber is identified by nominal sizes. The
nominal size of a piece of lumber is larger than
the actual dressed dimensions. Referring to table,
you can determine the common widths and
thicknesses of lumber in their nominal and
dressed dimensions.
LUMBER SIZES
 LAMINATED LUMBER

Laminated lumber is made of several

pieces of lumber held together as a single unit, a
process called lamination. Usually 1 1/2-inches
thick, the pieces are nailed, bolted, or glued
together with the grain of all pieces running
parallel. Laminating greatly increases the load-
carrying capacity and rigidity of the weed
LAMINATED LUMBER
 LAMINATED LUMBER
Lamination can be used independently or with
other materials in the construction of a structural unit.
Trusses can be made with lamination for the chords and
sawed.
 PLYWOOD LUMBER

Plywood is constructed number of layers (plies)

of by gluing together a wood with the grain
direction turned at right angles in each successive
layer. This design feature makes plywood highly
resistant to splitting. It is one of the strongest
building materials available to Seabees.
PLYWOOD LUMBER
ACTIVIT
Y
Direction: Create a drawing of wood lumber that is used
in building. Present your drawing to the class.
For example:
• Wall made of wood. (cladding, corrugated and
plain wood wall).
• Foundation
• Stairs, etc.
RUBRICS
RUBRICS
Excellent Good Poor
(5 points) (4 points) (3 points)
Completeness The output was done The output was done The output was not
completely before the fairly on the given time finished.
given time limit. limit.

Accuracy of Details Presents the drawing Presented the drawing Does not present the
with all the accurate with lack of details in drawing using the
lines and points. lines and points. proper line and points.

Presentation The presentation is The presentation is The presentation lacks

organized and the organized and the with organization and
output was clearly output was not the output was not
explained. explained well. explained.

TOTAL
QUIZ
Direction: Read each question carefully and select the most appropriate answer from the choices
provided.
1. What are the two main classifications of trees from which lumber is derived?
a) Hardwood and Softwood
b) Oak and Pine
c) Tall and Short
d) Evergreen and Deciduous
2. Which of the following statements about lumber grading is true?
a) Hardwood grading is based solely on the number of knots.
b) Softwood grading includes classifications such as boards, dimension, and timbers.
c) The grade of lumber is determined only by its length.
d) All softwood lumber is harder than hardwood lumber.
3. What is the highest grade of hardwood lumber as established by the National
Hardwood Lumber Association?
a) Selects
b) No. 1 Common
c) FAS (Firsts and Seconds)
d) Prime
4. How does the nominal size of a piece of lumber compare to its actual dressed
dimensions?
a) Nominal size is smaller than the actual size.
b) Nominal size is larger than the actual size.
c) Nominal size is the same as the actual size.
d) Nominal size is measured in cubic feet.
piece of wood
5. What is a key characteristic of plywood construction that
contributes to its strength and resistance to splitting?
a) Use of metal reinforcements
b) Grain direction turned at right angles in each successive layer
c) Thickness of over 2 inches
d) Being made from a single piece of wood
ASSIGNMENT

Direction: Copy the following on your notebook.

Review the following:
• Board Foot Computation.
LESSON 3
“ACTIVITY”

“CROSS
LUMBER”
MECHANICS

The teacher will provide a cross word puzzle

about basic units of lumber. The teacher will also provide
jumbled letter as clue for the cross-word puzzle. You will
solve the puzzle based on number of words after they
solve the jumbled letters. The students who will guess
the jumbled letter will have a chance to solve the cross
word. If he/she guess it right a reward will be given.
 DROAB
RUSEMEA
 BOARD
MEASURE
 ARDOB
OTAOGEF
 BOARD
FOOTAGE
RFASUEC
ERMEASU
SURFACE
MEASURE
 LIALNE
MURSEEA
 LINEAL
MEASURE
LESSON 3
3 BASIC UNIT
MEASURE USED
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:
1. Identify the three basic unit of measure used
for lumber.
2. Solve for board measure, surface measure, and
lineal measure for lumber items
3. Develop an appreciation towards the three
basic unit of measure used for lumber.
THREE BASIC UNITS OF MEASURE ARE USED FOR
LUMBER:
BOARD MEASURE
is the term to indicate that the board foot is the unit of measurement
for most lumber items. A board foot is defined as a piece one inch
thick (nominal) by one foot wide (nominal) by one foot long (actual)
or its equivalent. For instance a 2 x 6 also equals one board foot for
each foot of length.
Board footage is calculated by multiplying the nominal thickness in
inches (T) by the nominal width in inches (W) by the actual length
in feet (L) and dividing by 12.
THREE BASIC UNITS OF MEASURE ARE USED FOR
LUMBER:
SURFACE MEASURE
is the square feet on the surface of a piece of
lumber. Surface measure is calculated without
regard to thickness of the piece, i.e. 2 x 12 board,
one foot long equals one square foot.
The formula is: W x L = Surface
Measure
THREE BASIC UNITS OF MEASURE ARE USED FOR
LUMBER:
LINEAL MEASURE

is the total length in feet of a board,

regardless of its thickness or width,
i.e. a 2 x 14 one foot long is one lineal
foot.
Sample Problems
1. How to use the tabulated values for lengths given in
the table.
Problem: How many board feet (bf.) in 8, 2 x 4's, 12'
long?
Solution: Find 2 x 4 nominal size on the chart. Read
across the column, under the 12' heading
and find 8 bf.
8 bf. x 8 pieces = 64 bf.
2. How to find the total board footage for multiples of
uncommon lengths of standard sizes.

Problem: How many bf. are in 10, 4 x 8's 20' long?

Solution: Find the board feet per lineal foot (column for 4 x 8; it's
2.6667. Multiply times 20' in length, times 10 pieces.
2.6667 x 20 x 10 = 533.33 bf.
3. How to convert price per 1000 bf. to price per lineal
foot.
Example: $225.00/1000 bf. for 2 x 8’s
Problem: What is the price per lineal foot?
Solution: Find the lineal foot per board foot for 2 x 8's
in the far left column of the table; its 750. $225/1000 bf.
= .225 .225 x 1.3333 = $.30 per lineal foot
4. How to convert price per 1000 bf. to price per piece.
Example: $255.00/1000 bf. for 2 x 12's
Problem: What is the price for 10' of 2 x 12'?
Solution:
Find bf. for 10' of 2 x 12 in the table; its 20 bf.
$255/1000 bf. = .255
20 bf. x .255 = $ 5.10 (price for 10' of 2x12)
QUIZ
Direction: Read each question carefully and select the most appropriate answer from the choices
provided.
1. Board Measure Calculation: Given a piece of lumber with a nominal thickness of 2 inches,
nominal width of 4 inches, and actual length of 10 feet, calculate the board footage.
A. 3.33 board feet
B. 6.67 board feet
C. 10 board feet
D. 8.33 board feet
2. Surface Measure Understanding: A piece of lumber has a nominal width of 6 inches and an actual
length of 8 feet. Calculate the surface measure in square feet.
A. 4 square feet
B. 8 square feet
C. 6 square feet
D. 10 square feet
3. Lineal Measure Definition: Which of the following best describes lineal
measure?
A. The total square footage on the surface of a piece of lumber
B. The unit of measurement for the volume of lumber
C. The total length in feet of a board, regardless of its thickness or width
D. The measurement of the thickness of a board
4. Board Feet per Lineal Foot Calculation: Calculate the board feet per lineal
foot for a 4 x 8 piece of lumber.
A. 1.33 board feet
B. 2.67 board feet
C. 4.00 board feet
D. 2.00 board feet
5. Total Board Footage Calculation: If you have 15 pieces of lumber, each with
a nominal thickness of 3 inches, nominal width of 7 inches, and actual length of
12 feet, calculate the total board footage.
A. 315 board feet
B. 3150 board feet
C. 420 board feet
D. 210 board feet
ASSIGNMENT
Complete the following tasks by showing all your work, including formulas
used and step-by-step calculations. Submit your completed assignment as a
written report.
1. Problem: You have a piece of lumber with a nominal thickness of 1.5 inches,
nominal width of 9 inches, and actual length of 15 feet. Calculate the board
footage for this piece of lumber.
2. Steps:
Use the board footage formula: T×W×L
12
3. Submission:
Provide the step-by-step calculation and final result.
LESSON 4