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Circles

The document discusses various properties and formulas related to circles. It defines circles using standard and general forms, and discusses how to find the equation of a circle given its center and radius or given three points on the circle. It also covers topics like finding the radius, center, intercepts and determining what type of circle it is based on the equation.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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28 views

Circles

The document discusses various properties and formulas related to circles. It defines circles using standard and general forms, and discusses how to find the equation of a circle given its center and radius or given three points on the circle. It also covers topics like finding the radius, center, intercepts and determining what type of circle it is based on the equation.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circles

Definition
 Circle is the locus of a point moving in the X-Y plane
and equidistant from a given point
Standard Form
 The standard form of a circle is: (x–a)2 + (y–b)2 = r2

 (a,b) is the center

 (x,y) a point on the circumference


General Equation
 The general equation of a circle is x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0

This can be derived easily:

Standard Form: (x–a)2 + (y–b)2 = r2

 x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by +(a2+b2–r2) = 0

So, a = –g, b = –f, c = a2 + b2 – r2

 r = √(g2+f2–c)
Centre and Radius
 For the general equation of the circle:

 x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0

Centre is (–g,–f)

Radius = √(g2+f2–c)
Example
 Find the equation of a circle, center (1/2,–6/5) and radius
3/2

The standard form is (x–a)2 + (y–b)2 = r2

 a = 1/2 and b = –6/5

 r = 3/2

Equation is (x–1/2)2 + (y+6/5)2 = 9/4


Condition for General 2˚
Equation to be a Circle
 General 2˚ equation is ax2+by2+2hxy+2gx+2fy+c = 0

 There are conditions for this to be a circle:

i. Coefficient of xy (h) = 0

ii. Coefficients of x and y are equal, i.e., a = b


NOTE
 There are 3 variables in the form of a circle: g, f, c

So, we need 3 points to uniquely determine the equation


of a circle
Type of Circle
 For the circle x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0

i. g2+f2–c > 0

Real circle with finite radius

ii. g2+f2–c = 0

Point circle

iii. g2+f2–c < 0

Imaginary circle
Example
 Find equation of a circle passing through A(2,1), B(0,5)
and C(–1,2)

Let the circle be x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0

For point A: 5+4g+2f+c = 0 —(1)

For point B: 25+10f+c = 0 —(2)

For point C: 5–2g+4f+c = 0 —(3)


2 2
Example
 Find the equation of a circle with lines 2x–3y = 5 and 3x–4y
= 7 as diameters and area 154 sq.units

Since area = 154 = (22/7)r2

r=7

Also, the lines 2x–3y = 5 and 3x–4y = 7 intersect at (1,–1)

So, we have the centre (1,–1) and radius = 7 units

Therefore, equation of the circle is (x–1)2+(y+1)2 = 49


Example
 Find the equation of a circle with center (–3,–5) and
tangent to the line 12x+5y = 4

r = |12(–3)+5(–5)–4|/√(122+52)

 r = 5 units

 equation is (x+3)2+(y+5)2 = 25
Diametrical Form of Circle
 If we have the coordinates of a diameter of a circle,
the diametrical form is given by:

(x–x1)(x–x2) + (y–y1)(y–y2) = 0
Example
 Find the equation of a circle with least area that
passes through the points (1,4) and (3,5)

For least area, we need to minimize the radius

 (1,4) and (3,5) should be the diameter

So, the equation is (x–1)(x–3) + (y–4)(y–5) = 0


Example
 The lines 3x–4y+4 = 0 and 6x–8y–7 = 0 are tangents to the
same circle. Find the radius of the circle

These two lines have the same slope, and are thus parallel

 3x–4y+4 = 0 is also 6x–8y+8 = 0

The distance between these two lines = diameter

 Diameter = |4+ 7/2|/√(32+42) = 3/2

 Radius = 3/4
Intercept
 The length of x intercept for x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 is:

 Intercept = 2√(g2–c)

At intercepts, y = 0

 x2+2gx+c = 0 has roots x1 & x2

(x2–x1)2 = (x2+x1)2 – 4x1x2 = 4g2–4c

 x2–x1 = 2√(g2–c)

Similarly, y intercept = 2√(f2–c)


Intercept with the Axes
 The x and y intercepts are 2√(g2–c) and 2√(f2–c)

 If g2–c > 0, circle cuts off an intercept

 If g2–c = 0, circle touches the x-axis at one point

 If g2–c < 0, circle does not touch the x-axis

Similarly for the y intercept


Example
 Find the equation of a circle touching the coordinate axes and
radius = 4

Since it touches both the axes, g2 = c and f2 = c

Radius = 4

 √(g2+f2–c) = 4

 c = 16, and g = f = ±4

Equation is (x±4)2 + (y±4)2 = 16


Example
 Find the length of the intercept cut off from the line y = mx+c
by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

This is almost the same as the formula we derived earlier

Put y = mx+c in x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

 x2 + (mx+c)2 + 2gx + 2f(mx+c) + c = 0

 x2(1+m2) + x(2mc+2g+2fm) + (c2+2fc+c) = 0

The length of intercept = |x2–x1| = √[(x2+x1)2–4x2x1]


Example
 Find the equation of a circle passing though origin and
cutting off intercepts equal to 1 on the lines y2–x2 = 0

In this figure y2–x2 = (y+x)(y–x) = 0

We have drawn intercepts of 1 on the


lines y+x = 0 and y–x = 0

AB is the diameter (∠ O = 90˚)

 (x–1/√2)(x–1/√2)(y–1/√2)(y+1/√2) = 0
Example contd.
 There are 3 more such circles:

Therefore, the general solution


for all the circles is:

The other coordinates are also:

(±1/√2, ±1/√2)
Example
 If the lines a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 and a2x+b2y+c2 = 0 cut the
coordinate axes in concyclic points, then prove that:
a1a2 = b1b2

Since A, C, B, D are concyclic points

 OC.OA = OB.OD
Example contd.
OC = –c2/b2, OA = –c1/b1

OB = –c1/a1, OD = –c2/a2

Now, OC.OA = OB.OD

 (–c2/b2)(–c1/b1) = (–c1/a1)(–c2/a2)

 a1a2 = b1b2
r2O 2
(15,20)
B
A D
r1
O1

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