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Control Valve

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11 views

Control Valve

Uploaded by

Athiradh R N
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL VALVES

Dr. Meera Balachandran


Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science

This presentation is for the use of students of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. The presentation or recorded
video of class should not be shared on social media or other platforms on internet
Control valve
The control valve is essentially
a variable resistance to the
flow of a fluid, in which the
resistance and therefore the
flow, can be changed by a
signal from a process
controller.
Control Valve

Major Components
• Diaphragm
• Stem
• Packing
• Plug
• Seat
Working
• The control valve consists of an actuator and a valve.
• The valve itself is divided into the body and the trim. The
body consists of a housing for mounting the actuator and
connections for attachment of the valve to a supply line and
a delivery line.
• The trim, which is enclosed within the body, consists of a
plug, a valve seat, and a valve stem.
• The actuator moves the valve stem as the pressure on a
spring-loaded diaphragm changes.
• The stem moves a plug in a valve seat in order to change
the resistance to flow through the valve.
• The motion of the stem is proportional to the
pressure applied on the diaphragm.
• Normal range of operation (3 to 15 psig)
Classification
Single seated control valve.
• Air-to-Close Valve.
• Air-to-Open Valve.
Double-seated control valve.
Air to Open Control Valve
Double seated valve
Difficult to have tight shut-off.
If one plug has tight closure,
there is usually a small gap
between the other plug and
its seat.
In many processes, the valve
is used for throttling flow and
is never expected to operate
near its shut-off position.
For these conditions, the fact
that the valve has a small
leakage at shut-off position
does not create a problem.
VALVE SIZING
In order to specify the size of a valve in terms of
its capacity to provide flow when fully open, the
following equation is used:

applies to the flow of an incompressible fluid


through a fully open valve.
VALVE SIZING
For gases and steam,

The relation between Kv and Cv is:


Kv = 0.856Cv
The value of C, is roughly equal to the square of
the pipe size multiplied by ten.
Control Valve Sizing
The coefficient C, varies with
• Design of the valve - shape, size, roughness

• Reynolds number for the flow through the


valve
Control Valve Sizing
• At high Reynolds numbers, the friction factor changes
very little with flow rate, except for very viscous fluids.
• The flow through a valve, which involves sudden
contraction and expansion, is in the turbulent regime
of fluid flow.
• Relatively nonviscous fluids - Cv can be taken as a
constant for a valve of given size and type.
• Turbulence in the valve exists even if the flow in the
supply pipe is near the critical Reynolds number of
2100.
Valve Characteristics
The function of a control valve is to vary the flow of
fluid through the valve by means of a change of
pressure to the valve top.
The relation between the flow through the valve and
the valve stem position (or lift) is called the valve
characteristic.
100

90

80
FLO W % O F M A XIM U M
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

VALVE LIF T % O F F U LL LIF T


Flow through valves

q = f (L,Po,P1)
Where
q = volumetric flow rate
L = valve stem position (or lift)
Po = upstream pressure
P1 = downstream pressure
Inherent Valve Characteristics
The inherent valve characteristic is determined for
fixed values of P0 and P1
q= f (L)
For convenience let:
m = q/qmax and x = LILm
where qmax is the maximum flow when the valve
stem is at its maximum lift Lm (valve is full-open)
x is the fraction of maximum lift
m is the fraction of maximum flow.
Sensitivity
Sensitivity of the valve is the fractional
change in flow to the fractional change in
stem position for fixed upstream and
downstream pressures.
sensitivity = dmldx
Types of valves based on valve characteristics

1.Decreasing sensitivity
2.Linear
3.Increasing sensitivity
Linear valve
For a linear valve;

is constant.
Interchanging and integrating;
Boundary conditions;
X=0 , m=0;x=1,m=1;
Equal percentage valve
On integration we get,
=1
Therefore m=x

Equal percentage valve;

is constant.
Integrating;

At x=0 m=m0 . This is because flow is assumed to take


place even when the valve is fully shut to prevent
wearing down of the seat and plug.
Substituting boundary conditions we get;

For a change in valve position a proportional fractional


change occurs in the flow . Hence it is called an equal
percentage valve.
Rangeability
Rangeability is defined as the ratio of maximum flow
to minimum controllable flow over which the valve
characteristic is followed.

It gives the range over which equal percentage valve


will follow equal percentage characteristics.
Effective valve Characteristics
The relation between flow and stem position (or
valve-top pressure) for a valve installed in a process
line will be called the effective valve characteristic.
Advantages of equal percentage valve
Linear valves behave linearly only when the pipe
diameter is large when compared with the size of the
valve as the entire pressure (P0-P1) is on the valve.
Otherwise the valve will tend to move away from
linear behaviour because of the line losses.
This is an advantage for an equal percentage valve
over a linear valve because the line for a linear valve
tends to move away from linear curve as the valve
opens.
Whereas equal percentage valve curves tend to
move towards linearity as valve opens.
Line loss is proportional to square of its
velocity .Hence the curve shifts when the valves are
lifted beyond a certain value.

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