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5 views

Module 5

Uploaded by

abhilash v nair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION

SYSTEMS
Basic Definitions (Contd)
Basic Definitions (Contd)
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
COSINE LAW
COSINE LAW (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (Contd)
Selection of light sources
High Pressure Sodium vapour Lamp
• Produce energy in all wavelengths.
• Golden white colour light.
• Efficacy - 60-127 Lumen/Watt.
• Power – 35-1000 W
• Life – 24000 Hrs
• Good Energy saver.
Comparison of Light sources
Comparison of Light sources
Recommended Illumination levels (Domestic Buildings –
NEC 1985)
Recommended Illumination levels (Recreational /Assembly Buildings – NEC 1985)
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS – Point by Point Method
• For determination of illumination level due to one
or more source upon a specific point within an
area.
• Inverse square law is used.
Case 1
• Illuminance E = I/D2. (When source is directly above the point)
Where I = Luminous intensity in Candela
D = Distance in meter between source and the point of
calculation. (Also notated as R)
Point by Point Method (Contd)
Case 2 (When light arrives at the point on a horizontal surface at an angle)
Illuminance

Suited for large area outdoor


lighting where few
luminaries are there and
surface reflection need not
be considered.
Also used for interior task
lighting.
Problem
A point source produces 3000 cd in the direction of interest. The angle of incidence
with respect to the vertical is 30 Deg. Determine the illuminance at a point 5m away
from the light source.
Solution
Illuminance
= (3000/52) X Cos 300.
= 103.92 Lux
Limitations of the above method.
1. True only for point sources.
2. For luminaries with asymmetrical candle power distribution, the CP distribution
curve of the required vertical angle must be used.
3. Application with rows of fluorescent lamps will be unsuitable.
4. Interior lighting with multiple sources – Software solution is required.
5. Does not take into account the surface inter reflectance.
Average Lumen Method
• Illuminance E = L/A ; Where L = Luminous flux in Lumens
A = Area in Sq.m
In practice , all the luminous flux generated will not fall on the work
plane. Important factors as follows will affect the luminous flux
reaching the work plane. They are..
1.Luminaire candle power distribution.
2.Efficiency
3.Room size & shape
4.Surface reflectance
5.Luminaire height etc.
To take care of the above factors, the formula above is multiplied by a
factor called coefficient of Utilisation (CU).
E= (L x CU)/A
Average Lumen Method (Contd)
• As time passes, dirt accumulates and light output reduces. To account for this
depreciation in light over a period, the formula is multiplied with Light Loss
Factor(LLF).
• Hence , E= (L x CU x LLF)/A ;
• If there are N number of luminaire in the room, with Ln as the initial lumen
output per luminaire,
• E= (Ln x N x CU x LLF)/A
Or N = (A x E)/ (Ln x CU x LLF)
[ To find the number of luminaries required for a specific given illumination]
Light Loss Factor(LLF)
• LLF is introduced in lighting
calculations to make up for
expected loss of light in the
lighting system over a
period of time.
• Even if with proper
maintenance , it is
difficult to get back the
initial level of
illumination because of
the inherent light loss.
Fig: Effect of light loss over a period of time
Light Loss Factor(LLF) - Contd
• Various factors that contribute to light loss are of 2 types.
1. Recoverable
2. Non Recoverable
• The recoverable factors include:
1. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).
2. Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD).
3. Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
4. Lamp Burn Out (LBO).
Non Recoverable factors include:
1. Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT).
2. Voltage Variation (VV).
3. Ballast Factor (BF).
4. Luminaire Surface Depreciation (LSD).
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).
Loss of light output over a period due to dirt deposition.
Proper maintenance should be done to reduce the effects.
Maintenance guidelines
Air conditioned spaces – Once in two years
Non A/c Offices, Schools etc – once in a Year
Industrial areas – 3 to 6 times a year
Food Preparation area – Every week
RSDD , LLD & LBO
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD)
• Dirt or dust accumulation on reflecting surfaces.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation & Lamp Burn Out (LLD & LBO)
• LLD is an inherent characteristic of all lamps.
• Suitable re-lamping policy should be followed to avoid loss of
illumination levels. Adopted 2 types of re-lamping methods are:
• Spot Re-lamping (Changing lamps as and when the lamp burn out ).
• Group Re-lamping (Changing all lamps in an installation after the
useful life period irrespective of the fact whether the lamps are in
working condition or not).
NON RECOVERABLE FACTORS
Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT).
Ambient temperature effects the performance of Fluorescent lamps.
Incandescent lamps and HID lamps are not much effected.
Voltage Variation (VV).
Effects light output. Fluorescent lamps - 3% light variation for 1% variation
in voltage.
Ballast Factor (BF).
Ratio of the light output by a commercial ballast to that by a reference
ballast. Non standard ballast reduces light output.
Luminaire Surface Depreciation (LSD).
Materials used for luminaries deteriorate with time and reduces light
output. (Eg- Plastic shades turn yellow & polished surfaces turn to dim
surface)

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