Introduction

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 What And Why Of Applied Mechanics
• Applied mechanics is basically an engineering science with practical applications
• Basic mechanics is composed of two principal areas—statics and dynamics
• Statics - the study of forces on and in structures that are at rest or moving at a uniform
velocity
• Dynamics, - concerned with dynamic equilibrium, or the forces acting on a moving
body.
• Because applied mechanics deals with the very basic concept of force, it is the origin for
all calculations in areas such as stress analysis, machine design, hydraulics, and
structural design.
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 Dimensions and Units
• Basic Dimensions and Units – there are 3 basic or fundamental dimensions in
mechanics – mass (M),
O distance (L) and time (T).
N Dimension Unit
1 M kg
2 L m
3 T s

• Any other physical quantity is derived from the basic dimensions and units
• E.g. velocity (v)
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 Forces, Vectors, and Resultants

• Vectors versus Scalar Quantity

 Physical quantities in mechanics can be classify either as a scalar or vector quantity.

 Scalar Quantities – quantities that has magnitude only

 Vector Quantities – quantities that has both magnitude and direction

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 Representation of Vectors

•A

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 Characteristics of a Vector
Line of action

Direction
Magnitude
• Magnitude Point of applications

• Direction
• Point of application
• Line of action

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 The principle of transmissibility
The principle of transmissibility - states that a force acting on a body can be
applied anywhere along the force’s line of action without changing its effect
on the body

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 Vector Operations
1. Vector Addition
 - resultant of force vectors interacting with an object
2. Scalar or dot Multiplication - Consider 2 planar vectors separated by an angle -
 Applications
• determine
• determine component of forces
• projection of vectors along a line
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 Vector Operations
1. Vector Multiplication
rotation about an axis

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 Force Types
For the sake of easier discussion in a subject such as mechanics, several
classifications are used
 applied and non-applied forces
 Contact and Non-contact forces
 concentrated and distributed load
 internal and external forces
 external forces can be further subdivided into acting and reacting forces
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 Resultants
o Scalar quantities such as and can be added to equal .
o But if we add vector quantities of 4 km and 3 km, their directions must be
considered.
o This is known as adding vectorially or vector addition.
o The answer obtained is the resultant; it is a single vector giving the result
of the addition of the original two or more vectors.

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 Resultants
• Result of walking 4 km east and then 3 km west

• Suppose that you had walked 4 km east and 3 km north. Again

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 Resultant of Forces
• Scalar Notation – applies to planar forces (2-D forces) only
 2 methods – graphical and analytical
 Rules of vector addition are the triangle, parallelogram, and
vector polygon methods.
 The triangle and parallelogram methods are simplified versions
of the vector polygon method

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Force Vector Addition: Graphical (Tip to Tail)

• Graphical vector addition requires the drawing of the vectors to

some scale in their given direction.
• Example: Determine the resultant using the triangle rule.

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 Vector Addition: Analytical

• Analytical vector addition consists of two main methods:

 Construction of a triangle and use of the cosine law or other
simple trigonometric functions.
 Addition of the components of vectors

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 Vector Addition: Analytical
• Sine and Cosine Laws
The sine law

The cosine law

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 Vector Addition: Analytical

• Example: Find the resultant force and its direction

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 Vector Addition: Analytical
• Addition of the components of vectors
 Components: Resolution of a vector into its components is
the reverse of adding to get the resultant.

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 Vector Addition: Analytical
• Addition of the components of vectors
 Components:

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 Vector Addition: Analytical
• Addition of the components of vectors
 Vectors Addition Components
PROCEDURE
1. Resolve each vector into a horizontal and vertical component.
2. Add the vertical components,
3. Add the horizontal components,
4. Combine the horizontal and vertical components to obtain a single
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 Vector Addition: Analytical
• Exercise: Find the resultant of forces P and Q as shown and its
direction

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 Resultant Force
• Vector Notation – applies to planar forces (2-D and 3-D forces)
o Components And Resultants of Vectors in 3-D
Position Vector:
Unit Vector:

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 Resultant Force
• Position and Force Vectors
In the more general case, the position vector may be directed from point A to
point B in space

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 Resultant Force
• If the line of action of a force passes through points A and B, then the
force acts in the same direction as the position vector r, which is defined
by the unit vector . The force can then be expressed as a Cartesian vector

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 Resultant Force
• To find the resultant of a concurrent force system, express each force as a
Cartesian vector and add the i, j, k components of all the forces in the
system

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 Free Body Diagram
• A diagrammatic representation of the isolated system treated as a single body.
Procedure for Drawing a Free-Body Diagram
 Draw Outlined Shape: requires removing all the supports
 Show All Forces: Indicate on this sketch all the forces that act on the body
 Identify Each Force: labeled with their proper magnitudes and directions.
Letters are used to represent the magnitudes and directions of forces that are
unknown

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 Free Body Diagram

W
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 Free Body Diagram

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 Free Body Diagram

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 Support Reactions
• 2 D Supports

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 Support Reactions

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 Support Reactions

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 Support Reactions
• 3 D Supports

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 Support Reactions

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 Support Reactions

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 Static Equilibrium
• Equilibrium of Particles
 Coplanar Force System (2 D)

 3 D Forces

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 Problem

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 Problem

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 Static Equilibrium
• Equilibrium of Rigid Body
 2D

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 Problem
• Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction on the beam
caused by the pin at B and the rocker at A as shown in Fig. below. Neglect
the weight of the beam.

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 Static Equilibrium
• Equilibrium of Rigid Body
3D

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 Problem
• The sign has a mass of 100 kg with center of mass at G. Determine the x,
y, z components of reaction at the ball-and-socket joint A and the tension
in wires BC and BD.

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 Structural Analysis
• Types of Structures
Trusses
Frames
 machines

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 Structural Analysis
• Objectives:
 To show how to determine the forces in the members of a
truss using the method of joints and the method of sections.
To analyze the forces acting on the members of frames and
machines composed of pin-connected members.

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 Structural Analysis
• 2D Trusses
 A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined
together at their end points by pins
 Planar trusses lie in a single plane and are often used to
support roofs and bridges.

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 Structural Analysis

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 Structural Analysis

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 Assumptions for Design.
• All loadings are applied at the joints
• The members are joined together by smooth pins. The joint connections
are usually formed by bolting or welding the ends of the members to a
common plate, called a gusset plate, or by simply passing a large bolt or
pin through each of the members

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 Structural Analysis
• Because of these two assumptions, each truss member will act as a two
force member, and therefore the force acting at each end of the member
will be directed along the axis of the member

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 Structural Analysis
• The method of Joints: apply when we need to find the force in only a few
members of a truss
 Procedure
• Draw the free-body diagram of the truss and determine the external reaction at the
support
• Draw the free-body diagram of a joint having at least one known force and at most
two unknown forces.
• Apply the condition of equilibrium at the joint
• Using the calculated results, continue to analyze each of the other joints.
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 Application
• Determine the force in each member of the truss and state if the members
are in tension or compression. Set .

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 Structural Analysis
• The Method of Sections: apply when we need to find the force
in only a few members of a truss

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