Transformer Fault Categories

1. Winding and terminal faults

2. Sustained or uncleared external faults

3. Abnormal operating conditions such as overload,

overvoltage and overfluxing

4. Core faults

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (1)

 Transformer Connections
 Overcurrent Protection

 Directional Protection of Parallel Transformers

 Partial Differential Protection of Parallel Transformers

 Earth Faults on Transformer Windings

 Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection

 Restricted Earth Fault Protection

 Biased Differential Protection of 2 and 3 Winding

Transformers

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (2)

 Combined Differential and Restricted Earth Fault

Protection
 Protection of Auto-Transformers

 Inter-Turn Faults and Buchholz Protection

 Overfluxing Protection

 Overload Protection

 Transformer Feeder Protection

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (3)

I A2 Ø

V EP

A1

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (4)

I A2 a2

V EP ES

A1 a1

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (5)

IP A2 a2 IS

V EP ES

A1 a1

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

A a a2
C1 A2
a1
c1 b
A1 b1 b2
C2
C B1 B2 B c2
c

“Clock face” numbers refer to

A a position of low voltage phase -
A2 A1 a1 a2 neutral vector with respect to high
voltage phase - neutral vector.
B b
B2 B1 b1 b2 Line connections made to highest
numbered winding terminal available.

C c Line phase designation is same as

C2 C1 c1 c2 winding.

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Vector Groups

Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6

Group 3 Yd1
Dy1
30 Lag phase displacement Yz1

Group 4 Yd11
Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11

> Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

 “Clock Face” numbers refer to position of low voltage

phase-neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase
neutral vector
 Line connections made to highest numbered winding
terminal available
 Line phase designation is same as winding

Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer
High Voltage Low Voltage
Windings Windings

A Phase
Windings
A2 A1 a1 a2
B Phase
Windings
B2 B1 b1 b2
C Phase
Windings
C2 C1 c1 c2

Question : How to connect windings ?

0 > Transformer Protection
 Dy 11

12

11

30°

1 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors

A  Line Designation  a

30°

C B
c

2 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

2. Draw Delta Connection

A
a

C B c

3 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

3. Draw A Phase Windings

A
a
a2
A2

a1
b

A
1

C B c

4 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

4. Complete Connections (a)

A
a
a2

C1 A2
a1
c1 b
b1 b2
C2 A
1
c2
B1 B2
C B
c

5 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

4. Complete Connections (b)

A a
A A a1 a2
2 1
B b
B2 B1 b1 b2

C c
C2 C1 c1 c2

6 > Transformer Protection

 11kV Distribution Transformers
Typical Fuse Ratings

Transformer rating Fuse

Full load Rated Operating time at

kVA
current (A) current (A) 3 x rating(s)

100 5.25 16 3.0

200 10.5 25 3.0
300 15.8 36 10.0
500 26.2 50 20.0
1000 52.5 90 30.0

7 > Transformer Protection

 Traditional Small Transformer
Protection Package
3.3k
V
5 5
200/5 51 50
1N 0N

1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV

51
N

64 1500/5

8 > Transformer Protection

 Traditional Medium Transformer
Protection Package
11kV

51 50

64

1000/5 5MVA
11/3.3kV
51
N

64 1000/5

3.3kV
9 > Transformer Protection
 Overcurrent Protection

0 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Requirements

 Fast operation for primary short circuits

 Discrimination with downstream protections

 Operation within transformer withstand

 Non-operation for short or long term overloads

 Non-operation for magnetising inrush

1 > Transformer Protection

 Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

HV
Source LV

50

51

50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level

2 > Transformer Protection

 Transient Overreach

Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC

transient)

Definition

I1 - I2
x 100
I2

I2 I1 = Steady state
rms
I1 D.C pick up
current
.
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
3 > Transformer Protection
 Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent
Relay Applied to a Transformer

51 51 51
HV HV L
2 1 V
HV2
HV1
Time
LV

Current
IF(LV) IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
4 > Transformer Protection
 2-1-1 Distribution (1)

I3Ø I3Ø

0.866 I3Ø
I3Ø

5 > Transformer Protection

 2-1-1 Distribution (2)

HV relay

0.4 sec
LV relay

0.866 I3Ø I 3Ø

6 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)

51
67
Grid supply
Feeders
51

67 51

51

7 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (2)

51
51 Bus
Grid supply Section
Feeders
51

51 51

8 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers
Partial Differential Scheme

Grid supply

P1 67 67
S1
51
S2
P2

S2 S1
P2 P1

51

51 51

Advantage : Reduced number of grading

9 > Transformer Protection
stages
 Earth Fault Protection

0 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Earth Faults

3 p.u. turns 1 p.u. turns

x
IP

PR
R IF
Protective
Relay


ResistorlimitsE/Fcurrentto fullloadvalues Thus,primarycurrent,P  x .F.L.
3
2
For a fault at  : Faultcurrent   . F.L.  . F.L.
3
If C.T. ratio (on primary side) is based on full
Effectiveturnsratio  3 :  load current of transforme r, then C.T. secondary
2
circuit 
3
1 > Transformer Protection
 Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity
to Earth Faults (1)

If as multiple
of IF.L.

1.0
0.9
Star Side

0.8
IF

0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay 0.4 Delta Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
 p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Overcurrent Relay Setting > IF.L.

2 > Transformer Protection

 Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity
to Earth Faults (2)

If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
9 Star Side
8
IF
 7
6
51 5
Overcurrent 4
Relay Delta Side
3
2
1

 p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

3 > Transformer Protection

 Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity
to Earth Faults (3)

If as multiple
of IF.L.

10
9 IF
IF
8

7
6 IP
IP IN 5
4
3
2
IN
1
 p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

4 > Transformer Protection

 Earth Fault on Transformer Winding

 2
I=
3

I For relay operation, I > IS

2
e.g. If IS = 20%, then > 20% for operation
3
i.e.  > 59%
Differential
Thus 59% of winding is not protected
Relay
Setting = IS

Differential Relay Setting % of Star Winding

Protected
10% 58%
20% 41%
30% 28%
40% 17%
5 50%
> Transformer Protection 7%
 Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (1)

51N 51 51 51

 Provides back-up protection for system

 Time delay required for co-ordination

6 > Transformer Protection

 Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (2)

51N 51 51 51
51N

 Can provide better sensitivity

(C.T. ratio not related to full load current)
(Improved “effective” setting)
 Provides back up protection for transformer and system

7 > Transformer Protection

 Star Winding REF

Protected
Zone

RE
F

 Relay only operates for earthfaults within protected zone.

 Uses high impedance principle.
 Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer
8 > Transformer Protection
 Restricted E/F Protection
Low Voltage Windings (1)

A B C N

LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10%

rated

9 > Transformer Protection

 Restricted E/F Protection
Low Voltage Windings (2)

A B C N

LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated

0 > Transformer Protection

 Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault

Source

Protected zone

REF

 Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to

system
 Stability : Consider max LV fault level
 Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth fault
level

1 > Transformer Protection

 High Impedance Principle

Protected
Circuit

Z RCT RCT Z
M M
RL IF RL
IS
VS
RST

R
RL RL

Voltage Across Relay Circuit VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)

Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)
VS
 RST = - RR where RR = relay burden
IS

CT knee point
VKP = 2VS = 2IF (RCT + 2RL)
2 > Transformer Protection
 Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)

 During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit

constitutes an excessive burden to the CT’s.
 A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and
the CT’s.
 Causes damage to insulation of CT, secondary
winding and relay.
 Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate
formula (based on experimental results)
VP = 2  2VK (VF - VK)
Where VF = Swgr. Fault Rating in amps x Z of relay
circuit CT ratio
@ setting

 Metrosil required if VP > 3kV

3 > Transformer Protection

 Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)

IOP

RST
V VS
M
RR

Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI

 Suitable values of C &  chosen based on :

 Max secondary current under fault conditions
 Relay setting voltage

4 > Transformer Protection

 REF Protection Example

1MVA
(5%) 1600/1
11000V 415V RCT = 4.9 Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MV
A 2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
4) Peak voltage
1600/1 RS developed by CT’s
MCAG14 for internal fault
RCT = 4.8
IS = 0.1 Amp

2 Core 7/0.67mm (7.41/km)

100m Long

5 > Transformer Protection

 Solution (1)

Earth fault calculation :-

Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
1 P.U. Total impedance = 14
p.u. 1 4
I1  I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
Base current = 80 x 106
4  3 x 415
I2 = 111296 Amps
 IF = 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
4 = 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
I0

Sequence Diagram

6 > Transformer Protection

 Solution (2)

(1) Setting voltage

VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming “earth” CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
 Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)
RS = VS - 1
IS IS2 Where IS = relay current setting
 RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms
0.1 0.12

7 > Transformer Protection

 Solution (3)

1.6
(multiply by Kv to obtain RMS
Weber/m2 (Tesla)

1.2
secondary volts)

Kv Ki

Line & 158 0.341

0.8 Neutral CT

Earth CT 236 0.275

0.4

0 0.04 0.08 0.12

AT/mm
(multiply by Ki to obtain total
exciting current in Amps)

8 > Transformer Protection

 Solution (4)

(3) Effective setting IP = CT ratio x (IS + IMAG)

Line & Neutral CTs
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.592 Tesla
158
From graph, mag. Force at 0.592 Tesla = 0.015 AT/mm
 Mag. Current = 0.015 x 0.341 = 0.0051 Amps
‘Earth’ CT
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.396 Tesla
236
From graph, mag. Force at 0.396 Tesla = 0.012 AT/mm
 Mag. Current = 0.012 x 0.275 = 0.0033 Amps
Thus, effective setting = 1600 x (0.1 + [(4 x 0.0051) +
0.0033])
Effective setting = 198 Amps
Transformer full load current = 1391 Amps
 Effective setting = 198 x 100% = 14.2% x rated
1391
9 > Transformer Protection
 Solution (5)

(4) Peak voltage = 22VK (VF - VK)

VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For ‘Earth’ CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
 VPEAK = 22 x 330 x (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, Metrosil voltage limiter will be required.

0 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers

T N A B C
1

Bus Section

T2

415 Volt
Switchboard
1 > Transformer Protection
 Parallel Transformers
CT in Earth
N A BC
T1

51N

Bus Section
Open

T
2

51N
415 Volt
Switchboar
d

2 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers CT in
Earth and Neutral
N A BC
T1

51N

Bus Section
Open

T
2

51N
415 Volt
Switchboar
d

3 > Transformer Protection

 Parallel Transformers
Residual Connections

T1 NA BC
F2

Bus section

Will maloperate if bus section is open

for fault at F1 T2

F1
415 volt switchboard
No maloperation for fault at F2 (but setting must be
greater than load neutral current)

4 > Transformer Protection

 Traditional Large Transformer
Protection Package
33K
V

51 5
200/5 0

10MVA
33/11K 51
N 87
V 600/5

64

600/5
5/5A

5 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

6 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

 Overall differential protection may be justified for

larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
 Provides fast operation on any winding
 Measuring principle :
 Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
 However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
 Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.
 It is essential for transformers with tap changing
facility.
 Another important requirement of transformer
differential protection is immunity to magnetising in
rush current.

7 > Transformer Protection

 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current

I1 - I2
BIAS BIAS I OPERATE
I1 2

I1 - I2
RESTRAIN
OPERATE

I1 + I2 Mean Through
2 Current

8 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

PROTECTED
ZONE
HV LV

Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio

and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system.
Consider :
(1) Difference in current magnitude
(2) Phase shift
(3) Zero sequence currents
9 > Transformer Protection
 Differential Connections

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

A B C

0 > Transformer Protection

 Use of Interposing CT

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

Interposing CT provides :
 Vector correction
 Ratio correction
 Zero sequence compensation
1 > Transformer Protection
 Differential Protection
15MVA
150/5 66kV / 11kV 800/5
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

Dy1

Given above: Need to consider -

(1) Winding full load current (2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:- 66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.’s to be connected in 
Thus, secondary current = 3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
 RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED
2 > Transformer Protection
 Differential Protection
150/5 800/5
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

4.37A 4.92A
S1 S2 P1 P2

R (2.56) (5)
R
R

It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.’s in and utilise a / interposing C.T.

(this method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.’s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from winding of int. C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
Required int C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56

3 > Transformer Protection

 Effect of Tap Changer

e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%

Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%) = 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA) = 138 Amp
Secondary current = 4.6 Amp
 Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6
3
( / )
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage

4 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Arbitrary Current Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

5 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Add Delta Winding Current

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

6 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Complete Primary Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

7 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Complete Secondary Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

8 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
a1 a2
P1 P2 A1 A2 P2 P1

S2 S1

S2 S1 T2 T1 P1 P2

9 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
a2
Alternative (1)
a1
P1 P2 A1 A2 P2 P1

S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

0 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
Alternative (2)

300/1

EARTHING
TRANSF.

900/1

TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
1 > Transformer Protection
 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
Alternative (3)

300/1

EARTHING
TRANSF.

300/1

1/0.33

TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
2 > Transformer Protection
 Combined Differential and
Restricted Earth Fault Protection

A2 A1 a1 a2 P1 P2
S1 S2

P1
S1 P2
REF
S2 P1
P2
S1

S2
To differential relay

3 > Transformer Protection

 Combined Differential and
Earth Fault Protection

 Using Summation Auxiliary Current Transformer

Restricted earth
fault relay
64
Bias windings

Differential relay
87 87 87
operating windings

4 > Transformer Protection

 Z T1 X
PHASE a

PHASE b A

PHASE c A

N B
G G G

T1 BEF
T2
F

T3

J J J

T4
Rb
2 H H H
Rb
2
Rb
2

Ro Ro Ro

OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
5 > Transformer Protection
 Three Winding Transformer

63MV 25MV
A A
300/5 132KV 11KV 1600/5

50MV
A
33KV

1000/5

4.59 5.51 10.33

2.88 5 2.88
5

All interposing C.T. ratio’s refer to

common MVA base (63MVA)
6 > Transformer Protection
 Traditional Use of Interposing CT
Dy1(-30°)

Yd11(+30°)

R
R
R

Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
 Ratio correction
 Zero sequence compensation

7 > Transformer Protection

 Integral Vectorial and Ratio
Compensation

Power transformer

Ratio
Numeric correction
Relay

Vectorial
correction
Differential
Virtual interposing CT element
Virtual interposing CT

8 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
9 > Transformer Protection
 Magnetising Inrush Current
Steady State

+ m V 
Im

- m

0 > Transformer Protection

 Magnetising Inrush Current
Switch on at Voltage Zero - No residual flux

Im
2 m


V

1 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Current

 Appears on one side of transformer only

 Seen as fault by differential relay

 Normal steady state magnetising current is less than

relay setting

 Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to

operate

2 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

 SOLUTION 1 : TIME DELAY

 Allows magnetising current to die away before relay can
operate

 Slow operation for genuine transformer faults

3 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

 SOLUTION 2 : 2ND (and 5TH) HARMONIC RESTRAINT

 Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush
 Slower operation may result for genuine transformer faults
if CT saturation occurs

 Used in MiCOM P63x

4 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

 SOLUTION 3 : GAP MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

 Inhibits relay operation during magnetising inrush

 Operate speed for genuine transformer faults unaffected by
significant CT saturation

 Used in MBCH & KBCH relays

5 > Transformer Protection

 Typical Magnetising Inrush
Waveforms

A
B
C

6 > Transformer Protection

 Detection of Typical
Magnetising Inrush (50Hz)

Bias
Differential Differential
comparator
Threshold

T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
Trip

7 > Transformer Protection

 Restraint for Transformer
Magnetising Inrush

Bias Trip
Differential Differential
T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
comparator
Threshold

Differential input

Comparator output

T1

Trip
T2
Reset

8 > Transformer Protection

 Operation for Transformer Faults

Bias Trip
Differential Differential
T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
comparator
Threshold

Differential input

Comparator output

T1

Trip
T2
Reset

9 > Transformer Protection

 Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays

 (a) Earth Fault Scheme

High impedance
87
relay

0 > Transformer Protection

 Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays

 (b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme

a
b
c

87 87 87

1 > Transformer Protection

 Inter-Turn Fault Protection

2 > Transformer Protection

 Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Load
Shorted
turn

Nominal turns ratio - 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio - 11,000 / 1
Current ratio - 1 / 11,000

Requires Buchholz relay

3 > Transformer Protection

 Interturn Fault Current / Number
of Turns Short Circuited

100 10

Fault current in short

80 8
circuited turns

Fault current 60 6 Primary current

(multiples of (multiples of
Primary input current
rated current) rated current)
40 4

20 2

0
5 10 15 20 25
Turn short-circuited (percentage of winding)

4 > Transformer Protection

 Buchholz Relay Installation

3 x internal pipe
Conservator
diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)

Oil conservator

3 minimum

Transformer

5 > Transformer Protection

 Buchholz Relay

Petcock

Alarm bucket Counter balance

weight

Mercury switch
Oil level

To oil From transformer

conservator

Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster

Drain plug Deflector plate

6 > Transformer Protection

 Overfluxing Protection

7 > Transformer Protection

 Overfluxing

 Generator transformers
 Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.

Flux   V
f
 Effects of overfluxing :
 Increase in magnetising current
 Increase in winding temperature
 Increase in noise and vibration
 Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by stray
flux)
 Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
 Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.
 Stage 2 - Trip field

8 > Transformer Protection

 Overfluxing Basic Theory

2m
V = kf
m

 CAUSES
Ie
 Low frequency
 High voltage
 Geomagnetic disturbances
 EFFECTS
 Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)
 Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)

9 > Transformer Protection

 V/Hz Overfluxing Protection

V  K
f

Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing

Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action

Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

Settings

Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e. 110V x 1.05 = 2.31

50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds

00 > Transformer Protection

 V/Hz Characteristics

 Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics

t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
1000
K = 63
100 K = 40
Operating K = 20
time (s) K=5
10
K=1

1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
M = V Hz
Setting

01 > Transformer Protection

 Overfluxing Relay

Ex
G

VT

AVR R
L

02 > Transformer Protection

 Application of Overfluxing Relay

Circuit breaker
position repeat relay
VAA relay

RL1-1 Lower AVR

DC DC

Inhibit AVR
raise

Alarm

RL2-1

Generator field circuit

Alarm breaker trip coil
RL2-2

03 > Transformer Protection

 Thermal Overload Protection

04 > Transformer Protection

 Effect of Overload on Transformer
Insulation Life

100
With ambient of 20 C.
Hot spot rise of 78 C is
design normal.
A further rise of 6 C
doubles rate of
Relative 10 using life.
rate
of using
life

1.0

98
0.1
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Hot spot temp C
05 > Transformer Protection
 Overheating Protection

I load Trip

Alarm
TD
setting
On
Top oil of
I load Fan
power
control
transformer
Off

On
Pump
control
Off
Heater Temp. indication
Local
Thermal Temperature Remote
replica sensing resistor

06 > Transformer Protection

 Overload Protection

 Overcurrent protection designed for fault condition

 Thermal replica provides better protection for overload
 Current based
 Flexible characteristics
 Single or dual time constant
Time
 Reset facility
 Non-volatile

Current

07 > Transformer Protection

 Thermal Overload
Oil Filled Transformers

Trip time (s)

10000
Single
characteristic:
 = 120 mins

1000

Dual
100 characteristic

Single
10 characteristic:
1 2 3 4 5 6  = 5 mins
Current (multiple of thermal setting)

08 > Transformer Protection

 Thermal Trip Time

  I 2 
     
P 
TripTime  ln 
  IREF 
2 
 
 I  K  
 I REF TRIP



where = heating time constant
=I actual current measured by relay
IREF
= continuous current rating of protected plant
=P previous thermal state
TRIP
= trip threshold
K
= multiplier (for actual temperature)

09 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Feeders

10 > Transformer Protection

 Protection of Parallel
Transformer Feeders
Higher -
voltage
busbar

Z OC OC Z

FTS FTS

REF REF

DP DP

Bh WT WT Bh

REF REF

SBEF SBEF
2 1 2 stage 2 stage 1 2

DOC OC OC DOC

Lower -
Load
Load voltage
11 > Transformer Protection
busbar
 Protection of Transformer Feeders

CTs CTs HV LV
CTs CTs

TRIP

Feeder PILOTS Feeder Transformer

Differential Differential Differential
Protection Protection Protection

UNSTABILISE TRIP

TRIP

12 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Feeders

FEEDE
R

PILOT
PW P
S
W

 For use where no breaker separates the transformer from the

feeder.
 Transformer inrush current must be considered.
 Inrush is a transient condition which may occur at the instant of
transformer energisation.
 Mag. Inrush current is not a fault condition
 Protection must remain stable.
 MCTH provides a blocking signal in the presence of inrush
current and allows protection to be used on transformer feeders.

13 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Feeder Protection

Dy11
P1 P2 P2 P1
A I i A
S1 S2 S2 S1
B II ii B

C III iii C

23 MCTH
MCTH 23
24 17
17 24
25
25
26
27 26
19 27
28 19
28

23 17
17 23
24
24
25
MBCI PILOTS MBCI 25
26
18 18 17 18 26
27
19 27
28 19
28
+ MVTW
27 MFAC 1 02
28 14 13
3 14
-

14 > Transformer Protection

 P541/ P542 - Protection
of Transformer Feeders

Power transformer

Ratio
P540 correction
Scheme
Vectorial
correction

Virtual interposing CT Virtual interposing CT

15 > Transformer Protection