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Lec 11

This document discusses parameters and performance of transmission lines. It describes how transmission lines can be represented by a series R-L combination and shunt G-C combination. It also discusses concepts like resistance, inductance, capacitance, charging current, voltage regulation, transmission efficiency and analyses performance of single phase and three phase short transmission lines.

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poetanonymous11
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17 views

Lec 11

This document discusses parameters and performance of transmission lines. It describes how transmission lines can be represented by a series R-L combination and shunt G-C combination. It also discusses concepts like resistance, inductance, capacitance, charging current, voltage regulation, transmission efficiency and analyses performance of single phase and three phase short transmission lines.

Uploaded by

poetanonymous11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Introduction to Power

Engineering

Lecture No. 9

Course Instructors Ms. Nisma Saleem


Session: FA20-BEE-T
Transmission Line
Parameters
Introduction

• Transmission of electrical power is done by 3-phase,


3- wire overhead lines.

• An a.c transmission line has resistance, capacitance,


inductance formly distributed along its length.

• These are known as constants or parameters of the


line.

• The performance of a transmission line depends to a


considerable extent upon these constants
Constants Representation of Transmission line
• A single-phase transmission line can be represented by:

• series combination of resistance and inductance


• shunt combination of conductance and capacitance

Resistance:
• It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow. The
resistance is distributed uniformly along the whole length of
the line as shown in Fig.
• The resistance of transmission line conductors is the most
important cause of power loss in a transmission line. The
resistance R of a line conductor having resistivity, length l
and area of cross section a is given by

Conductance:
• It represents the conductance between conductors
or between conductor and ground and accounts for the
leakage current at the insulators. It is very small in
case of overhead lines and may be assumed zero.
Constants Representation of Transmission line

• Inductance
• When an alternating current flows through a
conductor, a changing flux is set up which links the
conductor. Due to these flux linkages, the conductor
possesses inductance
• Mathematically, inductance is defined
Constants Representation of Transmission line
Capacitance.
• We know that any two conductors separated by an insulating
material constitute a capacitor. As any two conductors of an
overhead transmission line are separated by air which acts as an
insulation, therefore, capacitance exists between any two
overhead line conductors.

Charging Current:
• When an alternating voltage is impressed on a transmission
line, the charge on the conductors at any point increases and
decreases with the increase and decrease of the instantaneous
value of the voltage between conductors at that point. The
result is that a current known as charging current flows
between the conductor.
• This charging current flows in the line even when it is open
circuited.
• It affects the voltage drop along the line as well as the
efficiency and power factor of the line
Classification of Overhead Transmission
Lines
Short Medium Long
Transmission Transmission Transmission
Length of overhead
Length of overhead Length of overhead
line is upto 50-
line is upto 50km line is upto >150km
150km

Line voltage is Line voltage is


Line voltage is very
comparatively low < moderately high >
high >100KV
20KV 20KV<100KV

Capacitance effects Capacitance effects


Capacitance effects
are taken into are taken into
are small
account account

While studying the The treatment of


While studying the performance the such a line, the line
performance only distributed constants are
resistance and capacitance of line is
considered uniformly
inductance are divided and lumped in
the form of distributed
considered
condensers
• Voltage regulation.
• When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line
due to resistance and inductance of the line. The result is that receiving end
Important voltage (VR) of the line is generally less than the sending end voltage (VS).
• This voltage drop (VS -VR) in the line is expressed as a percentage of receiving

Terms end voltage VR and is called voltage regulation.


• The difference in voltage at the receiving end of a transmission line **between
conditions of noload and full load is called voltage regulation and is expressed
as a percentage of the receiving end
voltage.
• Obviously, it is desirable that the voltage regulation of a transmission line
should be low i.e., the increase in load current should make very little
difference in the receiving end voltage .
Transmission efficiency.
Important • The power obtained at the receiving end of a transmission line is generally
less than the sending end power due to losses in the line resistance. The

Terms ratio of receiving end power to the sending end power of a transmission
line is known as the transmission efficiency of the line i.e.
Performance of Single Phase Short Transmission Line

• As stated earlier, the effects of line


capacitance are neglected for a short
transmission line
• The equivalent circuit of a single phase short
transmission line is shown in Fig.
• Here, the total line resistance and inductance
are shown as concentrated or lumped
instead of being distributed.
Performance Calculations
• The circuit is a simple a.c. series circuit

• The phasor diagram of the line for lagging load power factor

• The right angled traingle ODC


Performance Calculations
Performance Calculations
• Solution in complex notation
It is often convenient and profitable to make the line calculations in
complex notation.

• Phasors are shown by arrows and their magnitudes without arrow.


Thus V
R is the receiving end voltage phasor, whereas VR is its magnitude.

• The second term under the root is quite small and can be neglected
with reasonable accuracy.
Therefore, approximate expression for VS becomes :

Note:
The approximate formula gives fairly correct results for lagging power
factors. However, appreciable error is caused for leading power
factors.
Therefore, approximate expression for VS should be used for lagging
p.f. only.
The solution in complex notation is in more presentable form
• For reasons associated with economy, transmission of electric

Three Phase power is done by 3-phase system


• This system may be regarded as consisting of three single

Short
phase units, each wire transmitting one-third of
the total power .
• As a matter of convenience, we generally analyse 3-phase
Transmission system by considering*one phase only .
• Terefore, expression for regulation, efficiency etc. derived for
Lines •
a single phase line can also be applied to a 3-phase system.
Three Phase Short Transmission Lines

• Fig. shows a Y-connected generator


supplying a balanced Y-connected load
through a
transmission line.
• Each conductor has a resistance of R ohms
and inductive reactance of X ohms
L.
• The calculations can now be made in the
same way as for a single phase line.

Transmission Line
Effect of Load p.f on Regulation and
Efficiency
• The regulation and efficiency of a transmission line depend to a considerable extent upon the power
factor of the load.
Effect on regulation.
The expression for voltage regulation of a short transmission line is given by:
Effect of Load p.f on Regulation and
Efficiency
• Effect on transmission efficiency
The power delivered to the load depends upon the power factor
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem

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