Communication

for Various
Purposes
Objectives
● Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or
web-based presentations for different target
audiences in local and global settings using
appropriate register;
● Create clear, coherent, and effective
communication materials;
● Present ideas persuasively using
appropriate language registers, tone,
facial expressions, and gestures; and
● Adopt awareness of audience and
context in presenting ideas.
 ACTIVITY
Pecha Kucha Presentation
 Table of Contents
Informative, Persuasive and
07
Argumentative Communication

08 Public Speaking

09 Civilian Letter
 07
Informative,
Persuasive and
Argumentative
Communication
Informative Communication
Informative Communication
involves giving than asking.
Any form of communication can
be considered informative
communication.
- We provide information in spoken and
written communication everyday.
-Information sharing is a part of life.
Examples

●Reports, lectures, training

seminars, and demonstrations
 Osborn (2009) Supports that
informative communication arises out of
three deep impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of
the world around us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about
how things work and how they are made.
 When preparing for an
informative exchange, ask
yourself the following
questions:
l. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered
informative?
2. What do my recipients already know
about my topic?
3. What more do they have to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my
topic to help my receivers
understand it?
Steps in Organizing
Informative Speech
 Step 1: Prepare the body
 Step 2: Prepare a Preview
 Step 3: Prepare an attention-
getting opener 
Step 4: Prepare a Summary
Step 5: Prepare a memorable
conclusion
 Persuasive
Communication
Persuasive Communication is an art
of gaining fair and favorable
considerations for our point of view.
a. provides a choice among options.
b. advocates something through a
speaker.
c. uses supporting material to justify
advice.
d. turns the audience into agents of
change.
e. asks for strong audience
commitment.
f. gives importance to the speaker’s
credibility.
g. appeals to feelings.
h. has higher ethical obligation.
Examples
Speeches, articles and
videos of motivational
speakers
6 WAYS TO
PERSUADE:
1. Talk Fast
2. Master the Body
Language
3. Get to know the audience
4. Timing is everything
5. Be Persistent
6. Think Smart
Argumentative Communication
relies heavily on sound proof and
reasoning. The nature of proof has
been studied since the Golden Age
of Greece and has been improved
through time.
It is the art of
persuading based on
reason, facts and not
emotions.
According to Aristotle, logos, ethos and
pathos are the three primary forms of
proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars
have confirmed the presence of a fourth
dimension of proof, mythos, which suggests
that we respond to appeals to the traditions
and values of our culture and to the
legends and folktales that embody
them.
Mythos- A story that nearly
everyone in a community
knows that serves as a reference
point for community values and
behavior.” Santa Claus
- Superstitious Beliefs
Logos -appeals to the
audience's reason,
building up logical
arguments.
Examples
One glass of Florida
orange juice contains 75%
of your daily Vitamin C
needs.
All men are mortal.
Ethos - appeals to the
speaker's status or
authority, making the
audience more likely
to trust them.
-As a three-time Olympic gold
medalist, I can assure you that
this energy drink will improve
your fitness and stamina.
-Buy my old car because I'm
Taylor Swift.
Pathos -appeals to
the emotions, trying
to make the audience
feel angry or
sympathetic.
“If we don't leave this place soon,
we'll be yelling for help. There's
no one to help us here, let's get out
of here and live.“
There is no price that can be
placed on peace of mind.
Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective
argumentation, the following must be avoided:
1. Defective evidence
2. Misuse of facts
3. Statistical fallacies
4. Defective Testimony
5. Inappropriate evidence
Defective Evidence-
having a defect or
flaw; imperfect;
faulty
Statistical fallacies occur due to
inadequate sample that is used for
generalized conclusion;
incomparable groups presented as
comparable; mixing of two or
more distinct groups that in fact
require separate consideration;
misuse of percentages, means and
graphs; incomplete reporting that
suppresses facts; ignoring reality
and depending instead on
oversimplification; forgetting
baseline values that affect the
outcome.
Defective testimony- False
testimony is when someone says
something under oath that is not true.
This can happen in court or in a
written statement. It is different from
perjury, which is when someone
intentionally lies under oath.
Inappropriate
evidence- not suitable
evidences to the topic.
Defective Patterns of reasoning
1. Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
c. red herring
d. Myth of the mean
2. Flawed proofs
3. Defective arguments
1. Evidential fallacies- The
attempt to argue for or against
a proposition or position
because there is a lack of
evidence against or for it.
A fallacy is an error in reasoning. It is a
weak argument. To be more specific, a
fallacy is an "argument" in which the
premises given for the conclusion do
not provide the needed degree of
support. By becoming aware of the most
common fallacies, you can hopefully
avoid them in your own speech
a.The Slippery Slope is a fallacy
in which a person asserts that
some event must inevitably
follow from another without any
argument for the inevitability of
the event in question.
In most cases, there are a series
of steps or gradations between
one event and the one in
question and no reason is given
as to why the intervening steps
or gradations will simply be
bypassed.
Examples
You should never gamble. Once
you start gambling, you find it
hard to stop. Soon you are
spending all your money on
gambling, and eventually you
will turn to crime to support your
earnings.
If I make an exception for you,
then I have to make an
exception for
everyone.
b. Red Herring-
Distracting listeners with
sensational, irrelevant
material. “
The name of this fallacy comes from
the sport of fox hunting in which a
dried, smoked herring, which is red in
color, is dragged across the trail of
the fox to throw the hounds off the
scent.
Thus, a "red herring" argument
one which distracts the audience
from the issue in question through
the introduction of some
irrelevancy.”
An irrelevant topic is presented in
order to divert attention from the
original issue. The basic idea is to
"win" an argument by leading
attention away from the argument
and to another topic
Example
"Argument" for a tax cut: "You know, I've
begun to think that there is some merit in
the Republican's tax cut plan. I suggest that
you come up with something like it,
because If we Democrats are going to
survive as a party, we have got to show that
we are as tough-minded as the Republicans,
since that is what the public
wants."
c. Myth of the Mean
-Using an average to
hide a problem.
Examples
The average person makes
32,000 a year.
(The reality is there are a few
really rich people and many very
poor. The mean is not reflective.)
This community does not need aid
because "the average monthly
income is well over $6,000." (In
fact, high salaries skew the
number and in reality many
families are far below the poverty
line.
d. Confusing facts from
opinion
It is a dangerous game that
should not be played. The best
way to avoid this danger is to be
armed with accuracy.
Example
It hurts when someone says,
“You’re not doing well in this
job.” The reason it hurts, is
because it is someone else’s
opinion of you. Opinions are like
painful judgements.
“You’re closing percentage is
32%, and the set standard is
45%.” Is a fact, not an
opinion. If you feel a sting, it is
the sting of your own opinion.
2. Flawed Proof –
A reasoning error or defect; a
feature of an argument's
reasoning that keeps the
argument from delivering the
degree of support that it claims to
deliver for its conclusion.
Example
The proportion of fat calories in the
diets of people who read the nutrition
labels on food products is significantly
lower than it is in the diets of people
who do not read nutrition labels. This
shows that reading these labels
promotes healthful dietary behavior.
Defective Argument- These defective
forms of argument are called fallacies. An
argument may be fallacious in three ways:
in its material content, through a
misstatement of the facts; in its wording,
through an incorrect use of terms; or in its
structure (or form), through the use of an
improper process of inference.
08
Public
Speaking
 What is it?
Public speaking is a process of
speaking in a structured, deliberate
manner to inform, influence or
entertain an audience.
 Speech

Speech is the term used

to refer to the body
spoken expressions of
information and ideas.
 Kinds of Speech
Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate
when the speech is long and when details are
complicated and essential such as that they
need to be given completely. Reading is also
appropriate when one is asked to deliver a
prepared speech on behalf of another speaker.
Memorized speech requires a
speaker to commit everything to
memory. This method is excellent
for short messages although it is
also used for long pieces in
oratorical, declamation and other
literary contests.
Extemporaneous speaking may
have a short or a long preparation.
The speaker may use an outline to
guide him through his speech to
achieve better organization and to
avoid leaving out details.
Impromptu means speaking
at the spur of the moment.
Since there is very minimal or
no time for preparation given
for impromptu, the content
and organization may suffer.
 Thanks! Do you have any questions?
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