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1 - Complex Analysis - Lecture Notes - Complex Integration

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1 - Complex Analysis - Lecture Notes - Complex Integration

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murtazapatel05
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Complex Integration – Lecture

Notes
BY
DR. DISHANT PANDYA
ASST. PROF.,
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY,
PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY,
RAISAN, GANDHINAGAR, INDIA
[email protected]
Curves (Revisited):-

Suppose the continuous real-valued


functions
are parametric equations of a curve C
in the
Using these equations as real and imaginary
parts in we can describe the points on C by
means of a Complex-Valued function of a
real variable called a Parametrization of C :

. (1)

The point are called “initial point” and “terminal


point” respectively.
Contours:-
We say that a curve is smooth, if
is continuous and never zero in the interval i.e.
we mean that a smooth curve has a continuously
turning tangent at a given point. In other words, a
smooth curve can have no sharp corners or cusps.
 A “piecewise smooth curve” or “a Path”
or “a Contour” has a continuously turning
tangent, except possibly at the points
where the component smooth curves C1,
C2, …, Cn are joined together.
 A Curve is said to be Simple if for
except possibly at end points ‘a’ and ‘b’.

 A Curve is said to be Closed if z(a) = z(b).


 A Simple Closed Curve can be thought of
as a combination of both the definitions.

Note:- Figures on the right


describes the direction / sense
/ orientation of a contour.
Roughly Speaking that, the
counterclock wise direction
will represent the positive
direction of a curve.
Complex Integral:-
An integral of a function of a complex variable
that is defined on a contour is denoted by

and is called a complex


integral.
In other words, the real and imaginary parts
of a contour integral are a

pair of real line integrals

and

Now, if are parametric equations of , then and .


By replacing the symbols by respectively,
the right side of above equation becomes,
Which is same as
where

Thus, the evaluation of a contour integral can be


understood as:
Example – 1:

The answer is: ??

195 + 𝑖 6 5
Example – 2:

What is your answer??

.
Example – 3:

Hint:- In view of above


theorem, we can write…
Therefore, combining the value of both
the integrals, we obtain the answer as
follows:
Note: The Length of a plane curve is
and consequently,
Remark:- The above theorem is also referred as –
ML – inequality.
Next, we observe that,

Thus,
Therefore,
Therefore, from the ML-inequality, we have
 We recall that, a “domain” is an open
connected set.
 We say that a domain D is simply connected if
every simple closed contour C lying entirely in
D can be shrunk to a point without leaving D.
i.e. it has no “holes” in it.
Figure :

 A Domain which is not simply


connected is called Multiply Connected
Domain.
Figure:
We note here that, the proof of this
theorem, is an immediate consequence of
Green’s Theorem in Plane.
(2)
(2)
(2)
We will think over the figures given
below:
Therefore, we can deduce by,
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem stated
earlier that:
The last expression, is sometimes called,
‘Principle of Deformation of contours’….!

i.e. we can think of the contour as a


continuous deformation of the contour .
And under this deformation of contours, the
value of the integral does not change.
In other words, the expression

allows us to evaluate an integral over a


complicated simple closed contour by
replacing it with a contour that is more
convenient.
Consider the given figure
for the following
problem…
As we know,
It can be shown that, if is any constant
complex number interior to any simple
closed contour , then for n (any integer), we
have
We note that, in the above result,
analyticity of a function is a sufficient
condition for an integral to become zero
i.e.

but it’s not necessary condition.


In other words, it can happen that

Without being analytic within


For example,

where we note that, is not analytic at


within .
Example:-
(3)

Known (3)

(3)
:
Example:-
We see that the denominator part can be
factorized as :-

Consequently the integrand will not become


analytic at two points and .
Moreover, we note that, both these points lie
within the contour .
Using partial fraction decomposition, we
find that,

Therefore, we obtain
We now surround the points and by circular
contours and respectively, that lie entirely
within . Specifically, the choice for and for will
suffice. See figure depicted in the next slide.
Therefore, from Cauchy – Goursat Theorem
for Multiply Connected Domains, we can
write
Because, is analytic on and at each point in its
interior and because is analytic on and at each
point in its interior, it follows from the
Cauchy – Goursat Theorem, that the integrals

and

are zero. Moreover, it follows from the


equation shown below,

for , that
Therefore, the required integral becomes
To check this, let us try one example based on
this concept…!
Example:-
The answer is:- ??
Independence of Path:-

We know that when a real function


possesses an elementary ‘antiderivative’, that
is, a function for which , a definite integral
can be evaluated by the fundamental theorem
of calculus:-
Note that, depends only on the
numbers and at the initial and terminal
points of the interval of integration.

Definition: Independence of the path


Let and be points in a domain D. A contour integral
is said to be independent

of the path if its value is the same for all contours in


D with initial point and terminal point .
:
Let us try to see one example to understand it:-

Since the function is entire, we


can choose different path as
stated in previous theorem rather
than to move on .
We shall consider the new
convenient contour as shown in
figure on the left hand side.
Then will represent vertical line segment
, (as it can be seen in the figure also); then

Therefore,
Note:- We can also write the above integral
in reference to contour as .
The restatement will be like this:-
Example – for Class Work:-
Hint:- Use

So the answer will be:- .


Example for Home Work:-

The answer will


be:-
Remark:-
The derivative of an analytic function is
always analytic.
Thank You

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