Introduction to
Psychology
DELIVERED BY
AMNA NISAR
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST
Introduction to Psychology
CHAPTER 3
MOTIVATION AND THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Motivation
Motivation represents forces acting within a person that
cause a person behave in a specific goal directed manner.
The willingness to exert high level of effort to reach
organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to
satisfy some individual needs.
Motivation
The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action
toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which
gives purpose and direction to behavior.
Motivation is the set of reasons that determines one to
engage in a particular behavior.
Motivation is one of the
important factors in learning.
Without motivation, not much or
no learning at all will take place.
In totality, it is the process of arousing and
sustaining interest in an activity in order
to achieve a goal.
Importance of Motivation
• Directs activities towards the achievement of a goal.
• Controls and directs human behavior.
• Inculcates spiritual and moral values in the minds of the young.
• Gives satisfaction and happiness to the individual.
First stage Motive Second stage
Third stage
MOTIVATION AS DIFFERENTIATED
FROM MOTIVE AND INCENTIVE
A disposition, tendency, desire, or aspiration
A drive or impulse, an attitude that arouses interest,
and sustains and regulates behavior.
It is internal, within an individual , has a definite goal
to achieve
Incentive
An external benefit or reward of some kind derived
from an activity.
May come in the form of social approval as praise,
good grades, honors, scholarships, medals, and the
like.
Types of Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
An internal stimulus
that arouses one to
action. It is based on
motive, which is always
intrinsic. A motive
arouses one to do
something.
Ex. If a learner wants
to solve a mathematical
problem however
difficult it is, he can
solve it correctly. He
feels elated and with
self-fulfillment.
Extrinsic Motivation
An external stimulus to action. This type of
motivation is based on incentive. This type of
motivation comes from the outside of the individual,
that is, from the external environment.
It comes from the form of praise, social
approval, high grades, medals and the likes.
Maslow’s hierarchy of
need
(HUMANISTIC APPROACH)
Physiological
These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or
eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve
our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining
consistent levels in different bodily systems. For example, food.
Safety
Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that
arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in
childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments
and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. For
example, shelter.
Love and Belonging
According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling
loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well
as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that
we belong to a social group. For example, relationships.
Esteem
Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves.
According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first
involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. When
people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their
contributions and achievements as valuable and important.
Self-Actualization
Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living
up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks
different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve
helping others.
Herzberg Two factor
Theory
by
Frederick Herzberg 1950s
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, also known as the Motivation-
Hygiene Theory, distinguishes between factors that create job
satisfaction (Motivators) and factors that prevent dissatisfaction
(Hygiene factors).
Herzberg's theory emphasizes that to enhance employee motivation
and satisfaction, employers should focus on adequately addressing
hygiene factors to avoid dissatisfaction, and simultaneously work on
enhancing motivators to foster job satisfaction and motivation. This
approach suggests a dual strategy for improving work conditions and
employee attitudes.
TYPES OF MOTIVES
BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES
1. Oxygen
2. Hunger
3. Thirst
4. Sex
5. Avoidance of Pain
6. Temperature regulation
7. Bladder tension
8. Fatigue
1. Oxygen:
oxygen is the most basic need of every living being without it no
one can survive.
2. Hunger:
Role of stomach cues
Role of the brain
Eating Disorders
1. Obesity
2. Anorexia Nervosa
3. Bulimia
3. Thirst:
Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake
Biological regulation of thirst
a “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are located in
different sections of the hypothalamus
homeostatic
Dehydration
Blood loss also cause thirst.
4. Sex Motive:
The biological need for sex is an unusual physical motive in such an
individual can survive an entire lifetime without once satisfying it,but
this need is Important for survival of the human race.
Role of hormones
5. Avoidance from pain:
Every one wants to get rid of pain.
6. Temperature regulation:
This is obtained through the use of clothing, location, and the building of
protecting structures. 98.6 degrees or 37degree Celsius
7. Bowel and Bladder tension:
All organisms create waste products via the processes of living. Much waste
comes from food. The rest is produced by movement, growth, and other
functions of living. If this waste remained in living things, it would soon
cause illness and death. Thus living things must have a way to dispose of
waste matter.
Fatigue.
Tiredness ,lethargy in muscles.
Types of fatigue
SLEEP.
Hypothalamus, insomnia, Time span, psychological and physical
effects
Social motives
Social motives
Need for achievement:
Refers to an individual's desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of
skills, control, or high standards.
The need for success in competitive situations
fear of failure
failure to try because of fear you might not succeed
fear of success
snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because of fear of success
Need for affiliation:
The Need for Affiliation is a term that was popularized by David
McClelland and describes a person's need to feel a sense of involvement
and 'belonging' within a social group. Every one wants to have friends.
concept of attachment
Need for Achievement
Highest in Maslow hierarchy
People high on Achievement are characterized by a tendency
to seek challenges and a high degree of independence. Their
most satisfying reward is the recognition of their
achievements Need for Achievement is related to the
difficulty of tasks people choose to undertake..
Need for power:
People who exhibit power tendencies are thought to be most satisfied by
seeing their environment move in a certain direction, due to their
involvements. As an example of the need for personal power, most
corporate leaders seek high level positions so as to control the direction in
which their company is moving.
Motivation Application through
Goal Setting
from
Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach
(12th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Motivational application through
job design
from
Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach
(12th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Motivation is the process of arousing
and sustaining interest in an activity in
order to achieve a goal.
Generally, the young learners do not
fully realize the importance of performing
well unless they are engaged in. Teachers has
to provide the necessary motivating factors
to achieve the desired objectives.
Thank you
