21st Century Lesson

February 14, 2024

MICHELLE B. MACARIO
21st Century Literature Teacher
What is literature?
What is literature?

Mirrors the thoughts, feelings, values,

beliefs, practices, rich traditions and
diverse cultures of people.
Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
a.Precolonial Period
b.Spanish Colonial Period
c.American Occupation
d.Japanese Occupation
e.Postwar
f.Contemporary Period
g.21ST CENTURY PERIOD
Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
a.Precolonial Period – includes all literature produced before
the Spanish colonization.

It includes chants, proverbs, songs, spells, and different folk

narratives like folk tales, fables, legends, myths, and epics that
were all passed down from generation to generation through the
word of mouth.
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods

FOLKTALES -made up of stories about life, adventure,

love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons
about life. These are useful to us because they help us
appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities
and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this
is THE MOON AND THE SUN.
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
2. Fable – This features animal characters or inanimate
objects that behave like people.

 The monkey is a common animal character in

Philippine fables. It is often depicted as a cunning animal
Example: The Monkey and the Crocodile (Tagalog)
3. Legend – This is presented as history but is unlikely to be
true.  There are different Filipino legends of the great flood.
The story of Bukidnon, for instance, tells that a huge crab
caused the water to riseby going into the sea. On the other
hand, the Igorot story tells that the sons of Lumawig the Great
Spirit caused the flood.

Example: The Flood Story (A Legend of Bukidnon)

The Flood Story (A Legend of the Igorot)
4. Myth – This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a
natural phenomenon.

 There are Philippine versions of the creation myth. The

Igorot’s story tells that Lumawig the Great Spirit created
people. On the other hand, the Tagalog story tells that the
first man and woman came from a bamboo.
Example: The Creation (An Igorot Myth
5. Epic – This narrative poem celebrates the adventures and
achievements of a
hero.
 The Philippine epics are sung or chanted in episodes. They
feature supernatural characters and reflect the society where
they originated. Also, there are different versions of a story.
Example: Biag ni Lam-ang (Iloco)
Hinilawod (Panay)
Darangan
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods

FOLK SONGS - one of the oldest forms of Philippine

literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These
songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these
have 12 syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman,
Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o
Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods

FOLK SONGS - one of the oldest forms of Philippine

literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These
songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these
have 12 syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman,
Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o
Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw
Other forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry

 Epigrams (Salawikain) is oldest form of Philippine

literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period.
These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. .

 Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan are made up of one or

more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12
syllables. It is known as tigmo in Cebuano, paktaton in Ilongo
and patototdon in Bicol.
 Chant (Bulong) is used in witchcraft or enchantment.

 Maxims are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or

8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables.

 Sayings (Kasabihan) are often used in teasing or to

comment on a person’s actuations.

 Sawikain (Sayings) are used to state lines with no hidden

meaning
Task 1 ITS REAL
DIRECTIONS: Given below are sample literary pieces.
Explain each by providing real-life scenarios or situations.
b. Spanish Colonial Period - (1565-1898) was mostly
influenced by Christianity as well as the European
ideals of liberty and freedom through trade. During this
era, writers slowly changed the subject of their writings
from nature and natural phenomena to the lives of the
saints, hymns, miracles and invocations are based on
the teachings of the Catholic faith.
Filipino writers either wrote in Spanish or in their own tongue
or both.
Look at the picture at the left.
What can you recall from the
discussion you had with your
history teacher?
During these times, many changes occurred
in the lives of Filipinos:

 embraced the Catholic religion

 changed their names
 were baptized.
Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry
and secular prose and poetry.

 SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

¨ The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by
the Roman alphabet.
¨ The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of
religious practices.
 The Spanish language which became the literary language
during this time lent many of its words to our language.
Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry
and secular prose and poetry.

 European legends and traditions brought here became

assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
¨ Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog
and other dialects.
¨ Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog,
Ilocano and Visayan.
 Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.
THE FIRST BOOKS

 ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN

DOCTRINE). This was the first book printed in the Philippines
in 1593 in xylography.

 Nuestra Señora del Rosario. It contains the biographies of

saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion.

 Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish

and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography.
THE FIRST BOOKS

 Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish

and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography.

 Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in

the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr.
Antonio de Borja.

 The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings
of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. Urbana at Felisa.


FOLK SONGS. Folk songs became widespread in the

Philippines. Each region had its national song from the
lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
They truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They
show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of
beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen,
Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing.

 RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. There are many recreational

plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times.
Almost all of them were in poetic form.
 Tibag – The word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was
brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the
search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died.

 Lagaylay – This is a special occasion for the Pilareños of

Sorsogon during Maytime to get together.

 The Cenaculo – This is a dramatic performance to

commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
 Panunuluyan – This is presented before 12:00 on
Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of
the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.

 The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an

Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many
Philippine towns.
Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic
entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town
fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.

 Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a

musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with
man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty,
avarice or some social or political problem

 Sainete – this was a short musical comedy popular during

the 18th century. They were exaggerated comedies shown
between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by
characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from
everyday life scenarios.
 MORO-MORO. Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is
presented also on a special stage. This is performed during
town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of
their Christian religion.

 KARAGATAN. This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious

nature celebrated during the death of a person.

 DUPLO. The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a

poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken
from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually
played during wakes for the dead.
 BALAGTASAN. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in
debate on a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the
DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

 THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved

person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead.
No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used.

AWIT and the CORRIDO. Some use these two

interchangeably because distinction is not clear.
Task 2 REFLECT ON ME
KASAYSAYAN NG PASYONG MAHAL NI
DIRECTIONS: Write a HESUKRISTONG PANGINOON NATIN (COPYRIGHT
reflective essay 1949 BY IGNACIO LUNA & SONS)
highlighting the message
of the excerpt of one of the Panalangin sa Diyos Oh Diyos
most famous literary sa kalangitan Hari ng sangkalupaan
pieces during Spanish Diyos na walang kapantay,
time, Pasyon, in the first mabait lubhang maalam
box and draw the theme at puno ng karunungan.
being revealed in the Ikaw ang Amang tibobos
second box. ng nangungulilang lubos
amang di matapus-tapos,
maawi't mapagkupkop sa taong lupa't alabok.
Iyong itulot sa amin Diyos Amang maawain
mangyaring aming dalitin
 Period of Enlightenment (1872- 1898)
In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe
called ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization.
The 300 years with Spaniards marked the longest colonial
period in the Philippine history. Due to the need to see new
hope in the midst of multitude, the Filipino spirit reawakened
when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt.
à The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual

middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban,
and Pedro Paterno.
Task 3 DEAR OH DEAR
DIRECTIONS: Make a gratitude letter addressed to ilustrados
indicating the importance of their writings in the attainment of nation’s
freedom and in the development of Philippine literature.
c. The American Regime (1898-1944) - also known as
imitation period because Filipino writers follow the forms and
style of the American writers thus spurred the writing of
Filipinos in English.
After having been colonized by the Spaniards, a new set
of colonizers brought about new changes in Philippine
literature. Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino writers
to write using English language. English as medium of
instruction was introduced in the schools as intellectual
language of education.

Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse.

Angela Manalang Gloria used free verse in writing her poetry
about illicit love.
Alongside this development, writers in the provinces
continued to use vernacular language. Some of them
are Lope K. Santos, Valeriano Hernandez Pena and
Patricio Mariano.

American’s influence was evident in the fusion of

American pop cultures and romantic tradition such as
Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Tarzan by F.P Boquecosa who
also penned Ang Palad ni Pepe after Charles Dicken’s
David Copperfield.
The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public
education was introduced. Also, English was the medium of
instruction.

In 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the

Philippines a commonwealth.

On May 14, 1935 Manuel L. Quezon was elected president.

Literary Works Produced

The production of literary works in English is the direct result of the

American colonization of the Philippines.

The first collection of poetry in English is Filipino Poetry (1924),

edited by Rodolfo Dato.
The short story “Dead Stars” (1925) by Paz Marquez Benitez is
considered as the first Filipino modern short story in English.
A Child of Sorrow (1921) by Zoilo M. Galang is the first Filipino
novel in English. The novel His Native Soil (1940) by Juan C. Laya
won first prize in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.
d. Japanese Occupation - contributed to the
maturity of the Tagalog short story because
English language was not allowed to use. Tagalog
was declared an official language.
Philippine Literature during the Japanese Period (1941-1945)

 On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila.

 On January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a Council of
State in the country and started propaganda to remold the Filipinos.
 In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines “independent.” On
September 20, Jose P. Laurel was elected president.
 MacArthur and his Allied forces returned to the country in 1944. They landed
on Leyte on October 20, and the biggest naval battle in history ensued.
 The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese
occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in
the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were:
 Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made
up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5
syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is
allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning.

The moon in the water;

Broken and broken again,
Still it is there
Chōshū
(Trans. R. H. Blyth)
Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and
rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it’s also allegorical in
meaning.

SANGGOL
(Emelita Perez Baes)
Pag ang sanggol ay ngumiti
nawawala ang pighati,
pag kalong mo’y sumisidhi
ang pangarap na punyagi.

Karaniwang Anyo
Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its
development when the Philippines was again conquered by
another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English
came to a halt.

Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost

all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese .
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
e. Postwar - Filipino writers got their inspiration from American
teachers and were able to learn their techniques, which also
helped in mastering the English language.
Philippine Literature in the Postwar and Contemporary Period
During the postwar period, Filipino writers got their inspiration from Americans
and were able to learn their techniques, which also helped in mastering the
English language. Writers wrote fiction that focused on courageous deeds as well
as the sacrifices and suffering in the lives of Filipinos. It was also common for
writers to write about the experiences of the Filipino people under the Spanish
and American rule and the Japanese Occupation.

Other subjects and themes include:

 religious faith  superstitions
 fantasy  social problems
 poverty  politics
 nationalism  morality
 Philippine literature consists of stages or
periods
f. Contemporary Period - writers were able to produce short
stories, novels, essays and poems that continue to be read by
Filipinos today.
Period of Activism (1970-1972)

According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to

domestic and worldwide causes. Activism is connected with the
history of our Filipino youth. Because of the ills of society, the youth
moved to seek reforms. Some continued to believe that the
democratic government is stable and that it is only the people
running the government who are at fault. Some believed that
socialism or communism should replace democracy. Some armed
groups were formed to bring down the democratic form of
government.
 THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
The youth became vocal with their sentiments. They demanded
change in the government. This was manifested in the bloody
demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in
literature.
Campus newspapers were written to show their protest. They held
pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word
MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
 Post- Edsa I Revolution (1986-1995)

History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people

regained their independence which they lost twenty years ago. In
the span of four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called
People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people
barricaded the streets petitioning the government for changes and
reforms. Freedom became a reality – won through a peaceful,
bloodless and God-blessed revolution.
Post- Edsa I Revolution (1986-1995)
TASK 9: Saying a Song
DIRECTIONS: One of the songs in
the Post EDSA Revolution era is the
song Ang Bayan Ko. Recall the
songs and describe the emotions of
Filipinos and situations of the country
by interpreting each paragraph.
Period of the New Society (1972- 1980)
The period of the New Society started on September
21, 1972.
The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual
awards. Almost all themes in most writings dealt
with the development
or progress of the country – like the Green
Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition,
environment, drug addiction and pollution. The New
Society tried to stop pornography or those writings
giving bad influences on the morals of the people.
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW
SOCIETY

Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs

and the beauties of nature and surroundings.

Those who wrote poetry during this period were: Ponciano Pineda,
Aniceto Silvestre, Jose Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente
Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, and Pelagio Sulit Cruz.
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS

During this period of the New Society, newspapers

donned new forms. News on economic progress,
discipline, culture, tourism and the like were
favored more than the sensationalized reporting of
killings, rape and robberies. Filipinos before were
hooked in reading magazines and comics. Given
below are some of the examples.
Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of
the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial
Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

The Philippines became a new nation and this; former

President Marcos called “The New Republic of the
Philippines.”
FILIPINO POETRY- Poems during this period of the Third Republic were
romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the
government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful,
violent, profane and insulting language.
 FILIPINO SONGS- Many Filipino songs dealt with themes
that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty,
aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of
fellowmen.
 CHILDREN’S BOOKS- Among the well-loved forms of
writing which abounded during this period were those of
children’s stories. The Children’s Communication Center
(CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario
already
 Philippine Literature in the 21st Century
(2001 up to the present)

This body of literature includes digital writings, graphic novels,

textula, hypertext, and other emerging literary genres from year
2000 to present
Written by contemporary authors.
.

• Deals with current themes/ issues and reflects a

technological culture.
• Often breaks traditional writing rules.
• Emerging genres like IM and blog format books,
digi-fiction and doodle
Popular Fiction, also called genre fiction, refers to
works of literature that are intended for the masses or
large audience. Its main purpose is to appeal to the
general public.
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

______ 1. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle
class were sent to Europe to get education. The following are effects of
getting such education except one, which is not?
A. children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom
B. their ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 2. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?

A. They used native language and hired translators

B. They forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. They trained the heads of each family
D. They taught Spanish in classes
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

____ 3. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish

A. Ladinos
B. Latinas
C. Lenguas
D. moros
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 4. It is a native drama that depicted the war between

Christians and Muslims.

A. daniw
B. moro-moro
C. talumpati
D. sarzuela
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 5. The poet who was a master of komedya

A. Fernando Bagongbanta
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
C. Jose Dela Cruz
D. Pedro Paterno
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 6. Leona Florentino is known as mother of

A. classic literature
B. literature
C. Philippine proverbs
D. Philippine women’s literature
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 7. Which among the following is written by Andres

Bonifacio which was published in Kalayaan, the official newspaper
of the Katipunan?

A. Ninay
B. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
C. Sampaguitas
D. Walang Sugat
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 8. He is the master of traditional Tagalog poetry.

A. Francisco Baltazar
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
C. Jose Rizal
D. Pedro Paterno
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 9. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of

the Spanish officials and the clergy.

A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere/El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa/Sampaguita
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 10. It was considered as the first Filipino novel.

A. Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin
B. Memorial de la vida Christiana en lengua tagala
C. Ninay
D. Sampaguitas y poesias varias
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 11. The first postwar Filipino novel in English which

narrates the people’s experiences during the world war under
the Japanese rule.

A. Dead Stars
B. The Return
C. Wayawaya
D. Without Seeing the Dawn
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 12. It was during this period when literary works were
censored yet contributed to the maturity of Tagalog short
story
A. American
B. Japanese
C. Pre-colonial
D. Spanish
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 13. It is a literary technique that features the unique

regional traditions of people and emphasizes the ordinary events
in their lives.

A. hyperbole
B. humor
C. local color
D. sarcasm
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 14. The following are example of local color except one,
which is NOT?

A. kaingin
B. liwanag
C. hilot
D. waig
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

15. In what era was free public education introduced?

A. American Period
B. Contemporary Period
C. Japanese Period
D. Spanish Colonization Period
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

______ 1. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle
class were sent to Europe to get education. The following are effects of
getting such education except one, which is not?
A. children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom
B. their ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 2. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?

A. They used native language and hired translators

B. They forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. They trained the heads of each family
D. They taught Spanish in classes
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

____ 3. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish

A. Ladinos
B. Latinas
C. Lenguas
D. moros
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 4. It is a native drama that depicted the war between

Christians and Muslims.

A. daniw
B. moro-moro
C. talumpati
D. sarzuela
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 5. The poet who was a master of komedya

A. Fernando Bagongbanta
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
C. Jose Dela Cruz
D. Pedro Paterno
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 6. Leona Florentino is known as mother of

A. classic literature
B. literature
C. Philippine proverbs
D. Philippine women’s literature
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 7. Which among the following is written by Andres

Bonifacio which was published in Kalayaan, the official newspaper
of the Katipunan?

A. Ninay
B. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
C. Sampaguitas
D. Walang Sugat
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 8. He is the master of traditional Tagalog poetry.

A. Francisco Baltazar
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
C. Jose Rizal
D. Pedro Paterno
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 9. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of

the Spanish officials and the clergy.

A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere/El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa/Sampaguita
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 10. It was considered as the first Filipino novel.

A. Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin
B. Memorial de la vida Christiana en lengua tagala
C. Ninay
D. Sampaguitas y poesias varias
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 11. The first postwar Filipino novel in English which

narrates the people’s experiences during the world war under
the Japanese rule.

A. Dead Stars
B. The Return
C. Wayawaya
D. Without Seeing the Dawn
 Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 12. It was during this period when literary works were
censored yet contributed to the maturity of Tagalog short
story
A. American
B. Japanese
C. Pre-colonial
D. Spanish
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 13. It is a literary technique that features the unique

regional traditions of people and emphasizes the ordinary events
in their lives.

A. hyperbole - meosis
B. humor
C. local color
D. sarcasm
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet
of long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

_____ 14. The following are example of local color except one,
which is NOT?

A. kaingin
B. liwanag
C. hilot
D. waig
Explore
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet of
long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER

15. In what era was free public education introduced?

A. American Period
B. Contemporary Period
C. Japanese Period
D. Spanish Colonization Period
Activity 2: Checking your Memory of the Past Copy the graphic organizer in a clean
sheet of long bond paper and give the needed information as indicated in the legend
below.

Legend:

Literary
And their authors if any
period
Activity 4:

diary flash fiction chick literature ghost stories essay

doodle fiction autobiography science fiction memoir
magic realism slipstream meta fiction
plot stage direction characters biography dialogues
Activity 4: Categorically Speaking Instructions: Categorize the words
you found in the maze in Activity 3 by writing them in their proper
column. Copy the table in a clean sheet of long bond paper.

DRAMA CREATIVE POPULAR EMERGING

NONFICTION FICTION LITERARY FORMS
Activity 4: Categorically Speaking Instructions: Categorize the words
you found in the maze in Activity 3 by writing them in their proper
column. Copy the table in a clean sheet of long bond paper.

DRAMA CREATIVE POPULAR EMERGING

NONFICTION FICTION LITERARY FORMS

Stage direction Autobiography Science fiction Doodle fiction

Dialogues Essay Chick literature Slipstreams
Biography Ghost stories Metafiction
Plot
memoir Flash fiction
Characters Magic realism
Activity 5: Tell Me the Difference
Instructions: In a clean sheet of long bond paper, copy the items
below and write your brief answers.

A. Fiction vs. Creative Nonfiction

1. Give the main difference between a fiction and creative
nonfiction

______________________________________________________
10. English became the medium of instruction.
a. 1898 b. 1901 c. 1984 d. 1983

11. The period spearheaded by the intellectuals.

a. Period of enlightenment
b. American Period
c. Japanese Period
d. The Propaganda Movement
13. The period of when the youth became vocal with their sentiments.

a. contemporary period
b. American Period
c. Japanese Period
d. Period of Activisim

14. people Power prevailed in the span of four days on

a. February 22-25, 1986 b. February 21-25, 1988
c. February 21-25, 1986 d. February 22-26, 1899
Activity 3: Tell Me the Difference
Instructions: In a clean sheet of paper, copy the items below and
write your brief answers.

A. Fiction vs. Creative Nonfiction

1. Give the main difference between a fiction and creative
nonfiction
B. Popular Fiction Give the distinguishing features of
the following:

2.Science fiction _________________________

3. Chick literature ________________________
4. Ghost stories___________________________

C. New and emerging Literary forms Give the

distinguishing characteristic of the following:
5. Flash Fiction ____________________________
6. Slipstream______________________________
7. Metafiction_____________________________
8. Magic Realism__________________________
B. Popular Fiction Give the distinguishing features of the following:

2.Science fiction – about science and technology

3. Chick literature - written by women and stories about women
4. Ghost stories – stories which aim to scare readers

C. New and emerging Literary forms Give the distinguishing

characteristic of the following:

5. Flash Fiction – few hundred words long

6. Slipstream – “fiction of stageness”, features elements of
fantasy, science and fiction
7. Metafiction- a story about a writer who writes a story
8. Magic Realism- magical elements are blended with reality
D. Electronic Literature

9. What makes an electronic literature different from the

earlier forms of literature?
Has features that could only be presented through multiedia

10.What is common among hyper poetry, photo poem, and

comics?
These three types are common in using visual effect, graphics,
symbols and images.
 Deepen: Activity 1: Let’s Compare
Instructions: Read the two poems below then in a clean sheet of
short bond paper, copy the questions and answer them.
 Man of Earth
By Amador T. Daguio

Pliant is the bamboo;

I am man of earth.
They say that from the bamboo
We had our first birth.

Am I of the body,
Or of the green leaf?
Do I have to whisper
My every sin and grief?
 Man of Earth
By Amador T. Daguio

If the wind passes by,

Must I stoop, and try
To measure fully
My flexibility?

I might have been the bamboo,

But I will be a man.
Bend me then,
O Lord, Bend me if you can
 A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio

1. How many stanzas does the poem have? __________

2. Each stanza is composed of how many syllables?
3. What kind of rhyme does the poem contain?
4. The poem mentioned that the first man and woman came from
the bamboo which is taken from Philippine creation myth. What
figure of speech is used in those lines?
5. The speaker addresses a spiritual being he calls “Lord”. What
figure of speech is used?
 A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio

1. How many stanzas does the poem have? 4 stanza

2. Each stanza is composed of how many syllables?
23, 23, 22, 23
3. What kind of rhyme does the poem contain?
Free verse/end rhyme – when a poem has lines ending with words
that sound the same
 A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio

4. The poem mentioned that the first man and woman came from
the bamboo which is taken from Philippine creation myth. What
figure of speech is used in those lines?
Metaphor – comparison between a man and a bamboo
5. The speaker addresses a spiritual being he calls “Lord”. What
figure of speech is used?
apostrophe – addressing someone who is away, dead,
inanimate, or someone that could not answer
A Textula
By Frank Rivera

Sa ating puso’y may awit ng pagasa

Kahit titik nito’y hindi makabisa
Ang katotohana’y lalaging totoo
Basta maniwalang mayroong milagro
B. A Textula by Frank G. Rivera

6. How many stanza does the poem have? 3 stanza___

7. What Filipino values is depicted in the poem?
Hopeful even in times of difficulties, optimistic in dealing adversaries
8. – 10. Considering the elements, structure and tradition, identify 3 similarities
of Frank Rivera’s A Textula and Amador Daguio’s Man of Earth.
8. lyric poetry
9. possess traditional elements
10. used end rhymes
Activity 2: Compose a textula and send it to
your subject teacher via SMS. You will be
graded using the rubric given in your worksheet

15 POINTS !!!
Gauge
Read each item carefully, choose the letter of the best
answer and write it in a clean sheet of short bond paper.
Use CAPITAL letter.
Gauge
1. Period which includes all literature produced before the Spanish colonization
like chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives.
A. American B. Contemporary
C. Japanese D. Pre-colonial

2. It is considered as the first Filipino modern short story in English.

A. Breaking the Silence C. Man of Earth
B. Dead Stars D. May Day Eve

3. In Philippine fables, this animal is a common character.

A. crocodile B. dog C. horse D. monkey

4. These literary pieces are usually sung or chanted.

A. epics B. fables C. folktales D. myths
Gauge
1. Period which includes all literature produced before the Spanish colonization
like chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives.
A. American B. Contemporary
C. Japanese D. Pre-colonial

2. It is considered as the first Filipino modern short story in English.

A. Breaking the Silence C. Man of Earth
B. Dead Stars D. May Day Eve

3. In Philippine fables, this animal is a common character.

A. crocodile B. dog C. horse D. monkey

4. These literary pieces are usually sung or chanted.

A. epics B. fables C. folktales D. myths
Gauge
5. How was precolonial literature passed down from generation to generation?
A. by printing C. by word of mouth
B. by reading D. by writing

6. What characteristic of the monkey is depicted in folk narratives?

A. cunning B. foolish C. strong D. weak

7. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle class were sent to
Europe to get education. The following are effects of getting such education except
one, which is not?
A. Children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom B. their
ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
Gauge
5. How was precolonial literature passed down from generation to generation?
A. by printing C. by word of mouth
B. by reading D. by writing

6. What characteristic of the monkey is depicted in folk narratives?

A. cunning B. foolish C. strong D. weak

7. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle class were sent to
Europe to get education. The following are effects of getting such education except
one, which is not?
A. Children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom B. their
ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
8. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?
A. they used native language and hired translators
B. they forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. they trained the heads of each family
D. they taught Spanish in classes

9. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish

A. Ladinos B. Latinas C. Lenguas D. Moros

10. It is a native drama that depicted the war between Christians and Muslims.
A. Fliptop B. moro-moro C. talumpati D.
Zarzuela
11. The poet who was a master of komedya
A. Fernando Bagongbanta C. Jose Dela Cruz
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen D. Pedro Paterno
8. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?
A. they used native language and hired translators
B. they forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. they trained the heads of each family
D. they taught Spanish in classes

9. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish

A. Ladinos B. Latinas C. Lenguas D. Moros

10. It is a native drama that depicted the war between Christians and Muslims.
A. Fliptop B. moro-moro C. talumpati D.
Sarzuela
11. The poet who was a master of komedya
A. Fernando Bagongbanta C. Jose Dela Cruz
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen D. Pedro Paterno
12. Moro-moro is also known as _____
A. komedya B. pasyon C. talumpati D. Sarzuela 1

3. Leona Florentino is known as mother of _____

A. classic literature C. Philippine proverbs
B. literature D. Philippine women’s literature

14. He is the master of traditional poetry and author of Florante at Laura. A.

Francisco Baltazar C. Jose Rizal
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen D. Pedro Paterno

15. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa & Sampaguita
12. Moro-moro is also known as _____
A. komedya B. pasyon C. talumpati D. Sarzuela

13. Leona Florentino is known as mother of _____

A. classic literature C. Philippine proverbs

B. literature D. Philippine women’s literature

14. He is the master of traditional poetry and author of Florante at Laura. A.

Francisco Baltazar C. Jose Rizal
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen D. Pedro Paterno

15. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa & Sampaguita
16. It was during this period when literary works were censored yet contributed to the
maturity of Tagalog short story
A. American period C. Pre-colonial period
B. Japanese period D. Spanish period

17. It is a literary technique that features the unique regional traditions of people and
emphasizes the ordinary events in their lives.
A. hyperbole B. humor C. local color D.
sarcasm

18. The following are example of local color except one, which is not?
A. Hilot B. kaingin C. liwanag D. waig

19. Who is the Ilocano fictionist who wrote “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife”?
A. Amador Daguio C. Francisco Sionel Jose
B. Carlos Bulosan D. Manuel Arguilla
20. What poetry is written and read on a mobile phone?
A. Epic B. hypertext C. spoken poetry
D. textula

21. What title has been given to Frank Rivera for popularizing textula?
A. Father of modern poetry C. Makata sa cellphone
B. Makatang high-tech D. Prince of spoken poetry

22. Which of these statements is NOT true for Amador T. Daguio’s “Man of
Earth”?
A. It uses apostrophe as the speaker calls the spiritual being “Lord” B. Each line
has five syllables
C. It contains end rhyme
D. It has varied rhythm
20. What poetry is written and read on a mobile phone?
A. Epic B. hypertext C. spoken poetry
D. textula

21. What title has been given to Frank Rivera for popularizing textula?
A. Father of modern poetry C. Makata sa cellphone
B. Makatang high-tech D. Prince of spoken poetry

22. Which of these statements is NOT true for Amador T. Daguio’s “Man of
Earth”?
A. It uses apostrophe as the speaker calls the spiritual being “Lord” B. Each line
has five syllables
C. It contains end rhyme
D. It has varied rhythm
23. The stanza from Rivera’s textula has a regular rhythm. What makes its
rhythm regular?
A. Each line consists of the same number of syllables
B. it is composed of three stanzas
C. the poem is lyrical
D. all lines rhyme

24. What Filipino traits do this stanza suggests?

Sa ating puso’y may awit ng pag-asa
Kahit titik nito’y hindi makabisa
Ang katotohana’y lalaging totoo
Basta maniwalang mayroong milagro.

A. hopeful and courageous B. smart and active

C. industrious and cunning D. wise and resourceful
23. The stanza from Rivera’s textula has a regular rhythm. What makes its
rhythm regular?
A. Each line consists of the same number of syllables
B. it is composed of three stanzas
C. the poem is lyrical
D. all lines rhyme

24. What Filipino traits do this stanza suggests?

Sa ating puso’y may awit ng pag-asa
Kahit titik nito’y hindi makabisa
Ang katotohana’y lalaging totoo
Basta maniwalang mayroong milagro.

A. hopeful and courageous B. smart and active

C. industrious and cunning D. wise and resourceful
25. Which is NOT true about the structure of Frank Rivera’s textula and Amador
Daguio’s “Man of Earth”?
A. Both poems are lyric poetry C. they show traditional elements. B. Both
poems use internal rhymes. D. both have regular meter

26. The following literary devices are inherent in a short story, which is not? A.
Characters B. theme C. setting D. materials

27. This literary work is usually told in actions and dialogues.

A. Short story B. essay C. drama D. poetry

28. It is a drama element that tells the actors how they should look, move and
speak.
A. Characters B. stage directions C. setting D. dialogues
25. Which is NOT true about the structure of Frank Rivera’s textula and Amador
Daguio’s “Man of Earth”?
A. Both poems are lyric poetry C. they show traditional elements.

B. Both poems use internal rhymes. D. both have regular meter

26. The following literary devices are inherent in a short story, which is not? A.
Characters B. theme C. setting D. materials

27. This literary work is usually told in actions and dialogues.

A. Short story B. essay C. drama D. poetry

28. It is a drama element that tells the actors how they should look, move and
speak.
A. Characters B. stage directions C. setting D. dialogues
29. “The World is an Apple” is a one-act play that is written by
_________.
A. Alberto S. Florentino B. Carlos P. Romulo
C. Bienvenido Lumbera D. Amador Daguio

30. It refers to narratives of real events told in a literary style A.

Popular fiction B. drama
C. Fiction D. Creative nonfiction
29. “The World is an Apple” is a one-act play that is written by
_________.
A. Alberto S. Florentino B. Carlos P. Romulo
C. Bienvenido Lumbera D. Amador Daguio

30. It refers to narratives of real events told in a literary style A.

Popular fiction B. drama
C. Fiction D. Creative nonfiction
Breakdown

1. D 11. C
21. C
2. B 12. A
22. B
3. A 13. D.
23. A
4. A 14. A
24. A
5. C 15. C
25. D
6. A 16. B
II. Research the literary history of Ilocos Region focusing on the prominent
writers of the province of your choice. Pick one (1) literary text from that
province and write an analysis. Take into consideration the geographic, linguistic,
and ethnic features of the period/era that might have influenced the writing of
that text. Print your output and submit it to your subject teacher. The rubric below
shall be used to score your output.

Technical specifications:
Paper size: Short bond paper
Font Style – Arial
Font Size – 12
Margin – 1 inch on all sides
Spacing – 1.15 pt 30 POINTS!!!!
Color – Black
TO ALL OF YOU MGA TAGA
SAPPHIROOO
 21st Century Literature

CANONICAL AUTHORS

Module 2: READING SHORT STORIES

OF FILIPINO WRITERS
 THINGS TO REMEMBER:

CANON- in literature, this is the collection of works

considered representative of a certain genre and period

CANONICAL AUTHORS – written whose works have

been well appreciated and considered representatives of
certain genres of literature
 THINGS TO REMEMBER:

NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE- the highest national

recognition given to Filipino writers who made significant
contribution to the development of Philippine Literature

Leona Florentino is known as mother of Philippine women’s

literature

Pedro Bucaneg - Father of Ilocano Poetry and

Literature
Alejandro R. Roces – 1924-2011 (National Artist for Literature 2003)
“You cannot be a great writer, first you have to be a great person.

JOSE GARCIA VILLA – (1908-1997)

Known as DOVEGLION,(dove, eagle, lion) the COMMA poet, he was the
finest contemporary poet regardless of race and language.
NICK JOAQUIN – (1917-2004)
Known as Quijano de Manila
Contribution: exploration of the Philippine Colonial past under Spain and
his probing into the psychology of social danger as seen by the young. (May
Day Eve)
FILIPINO WRITERS
1. Jose Garcia Villa- Footnote to Youth
2. Manuel Arguilla- How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife
3. Carlos Bulosan- My Father Goes to Court
5. Bienvenido Santos- Scent of Apples
4. Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple
WHAT IS 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE?

• New literary works created within the

last decade.
• Written by contemporary authors.
• Deals with current themes/ issues and
reflects a technological culture.
• Often breaks traditional writing rules
 WHO ARE THE 21ST CENTURY
LEARNERS?
• grew up using technology as a primary
learning tool
• is capable of navigating and interpreting
digital formats and media messages
• possesses literacy skills which include
technological abilities such as keyboarding,
internet navigation, interpretation of
technological speak, ability to communicate and
Interpret coded language and decipher graphics.
THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY
GENRES
 THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY
FLASHGENRES
FICTION
– Fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity.
– Sometimes called “six-word” short stories

– NEIL GAIMAN – a proponent of flash fiction in the 21st century.

I’m dead. I’ve missed you. Kiss …?
– MARGARET ATWOOD
Longed for him. Got him. Shit.
– ERNEST HEMINGWAY
For sale baby socks, never worn
 THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY
TextulaGENRES
– Mobile phone poetry, using short traditional
formal verses like tanaga which has a 7777
syllable count with rhyme scheme
aabb, abab, abba.
– a poetry genre mastered by FRANK RIVERA.
– Entire poems are written and read on
mobile phones.
A Textula
By Frank Rivera

Merong himala, hindi totoong wala

Ituro ma’y mali, alam nati’y tama
Kahit walang sagot itong panalangin
Hindi tumitigil ang ating paghiling.

Walang nagturo na tayo’y makibaka

Ngunit sulirani’y ating binabata
Kahit may pangakong laging napapako
Sa anumang init, handa ring mapaso
B. A Textula by Frank G. Rivera

1. How many stanza does the poem have?________

2. What Filipino values is depicted in the poem? _______

 THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY
GENRES
TEXTULA ni FRANK G. RIVERA, ang MAKATA NG CELLPHONE
(Setyembre 29, 2013)

Bayang mahilig sa ganda/

Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.//
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo.//
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa Bagyo‟y daming pumanaw/
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.//
 THE 21ST CENTURY LITERARY
GENRES
TEXTULA ni FRANK G. RIVERA, ang MAKATA NG CELLPHONE
(Setyembre 29, 2013)

Bayang mahilig sa ganda/

Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.//
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo.//
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa Bagyo‟y daming pumanaw/
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.//
 THE LITERARY GENRES
Poetry Elements

Rhythm – a pattern created with sound Meter – the

systematic regularity in rhythm

Stanza – a part of a poem with similar rhythm and rhyme

that will usually repeat later in the poem
Rhyme – the repetition of similar sounds in the lines of a
poem
Theme – the central idea of the poem, the poet wants
to convey
Rhyme scheme – a pattern of rhyme. Either the last
words of the first and second lines rhyme with each
other, or the first and the third line, or the second
and the fourth, and so on.

Theme – the central idea of the poem, the poet

wants to convey
Symbolism – an object, idea or word that is used to
represent another idea, thought or feelings that
will create such a strong effect

Imagery – the mental pictures the poet creates through

language
- words used by the poet to create an image in the
mind of the readers.
- Imagery appeals to the five senses

Allusion – using this literary device, the writer refers to a significant

person, place, thing, or idea in culture, history, literature, or
politics briefly and indirectly.
Apostrophe – with this literary device, the writer
addresses someone or something that is not
present in his work.

“Oh nature, thou art my goddess.”

“Busy olf fool, unruly sun.”
Fiction
Literary elements – These devices are inherent in a literary text.
Some examples are the characters, setting, conflict, plot, and theme of
a short story.

Literary techniques – These devices are used deliberately by a

writer in his or her work to convey a particular meaning. Dialogue is
an example. The literary meaning of a work is conveyed through its
elements and the literary techniques that the writer used.
In a short story, for instance, the writer weaves a story, putting elements and
techniques together in a specific arrangement to convey its meaning.

Example:

"The Mats" by Francisco Arcellana

“How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” by Manuel
Drama
Drama is a literary work that tells a story through actions and dialogues. It is
usually performed on stage.

Elements:
Characters – These actors set the scene and flow of the story.

Dialogues – These are conversations between the characters.

Plot – This is the series of events that take place.

Stage directions – These statements tell the actors how they should look, move,
and speak. They also give the director a picture of how the setting looks like,
and what music and other sounds would set the mood of the play
Example of Drama

"The World Is an Apple" by Alberto S. Florentino is a one-act play. As the

term suggests, a one-act play is composed of only one act or part. Its story has a
few characters; it is condensed and has a single effect.
Florentino’s play only has three characters, namely, Gloria, Mario, and Pablo.
The story takes place one evening in an improvised home in Intramuros.
Gloria and Mario are a poor couple. Their poverty forces Mario’s hand both
literally and figuratively. So, he returns to his old life of stealing and joins his
old friend Pablo for a heist.

Three of the notable Filipino dramatists in English of the Postwar Years are
Severino Montano, Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, and Alberto Florentino. They
produced relevant dramas during the period. However, because their works
were written in English, they could only reach out to
Order of discussion

1. Plot
2. Characterization
3. Atmosphere /Setting
4. Theme
5. Symbolisms
Creative Nonfiction

Creative nonfiction refers to narratives of real events told using a

literary style of writing. Some of its forms are the memoir, the
biography, the autobiography, the diary, and the essay. It is a
major genre of literature. It refers to narratives of real events told in
a literary style. In Philippine Literature, the essay is the most
common form of creative nonfiction.
Kinds of Creative Nonfiction

 Memoir - This account is narrowly focused on a single event in

a person’s life.
 Biography - This is a detailed account of a person’s life written
by another person.

 Autobiography - This is a written account of the life of a

person written by the subject himself or herself.

 Diary - This is a collection of discrete accounts of a person’s

experiences and thoughts each day.

 Essay - This writing features any subject that the writer

personally comments about
FILIPINO WRITERS
1. Jose Garcia Villa- Footnote to Youth
2. Manuel Arguilla- How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife
3. Carlos Bulosan- My Father Goes to Court
4. Bienvenido Santos- Scent of Apples
5. Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
The begins with the main character Dudong working in the fields. He takes
no real joy in his dusty work; he is too distracted, impatient to get home and
tell his father that he has asked Teang, the woman he loves, to marry him—
and she has accepted. He is preoccupied by feelings of adulthood and
masculinity, believing himself to be grown and capable. On the way home,
he stops to bathe in a creek, a symbolic gesture: he is beginning fresh,
starting a new chapter in his life. At home, we see the labors of the home
and the trials of old age: Dudong regrets that he doesn't have a sister to help
his mother with the housework; his father has a terrible and persistent
toothache. When he tells his father his news, the latter tries to talk him out
of it—Dudong is young, only 17. But because he is only 17, he is
headstrong and sure of what he wants, so his father allows him to marry.
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
Nine months later, Teang gives birth to a boy, whom they name Blas. As
Dudong waits out the childbirth in the yard, he frets to himself about what it
will mean to be a father, and he imagines himself having ten children. He is
afraid and despondent rather than excited at the prospect, and he is
embarrassed to be a father and to have a child and to feel these things,
though he does develop a sense of paternal pride upon seeing the baby.
Over the course of six years, Teang gives birth six more times, which takes
its toll on both her body and Dudong's. Both become old beyond their years,
and both regret having married so young; Teang bitterly wishes she had
accepted the hand of another suitor, who in those six years had married but
had no children. Dudong does not want all these children, and one night he
stays awake wondering why life can be so cruel when youth is so full of
dreams, so full of hope and expectation.
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa

This same night, Blas, now 18, comes home late, and is unable to sleep.
Dudong asks him what has him so agitated, and sees that the roles of father
and son are now reversed: where once Dudong was the stubborn, impatient
youth who thought that to marry was to live, and his father was the cautious,
objective voice of reason, now Dudong's son has asked his girlfriend to
marry him, and Dudong wants desperately for the young man to reconsider.
But he will not reconsider, and Dudong resignedly gives his consent. Thus
the impatience of youth perpetuates itself, along with the wisdom of years.
Though love may at first overcome, life soon catches up.
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa

THE story highlights a problem in the Philippine society –

the practice of marrying too young and suffering through
the rest of the marriage.

Dodong and Teang, regardless of their love for each other

and their children, are obviously not happy with the way
their lives turned out. As history repeats itself, in the love
story of Blas.
Manuel Arguilla- How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife

Manuel Arguilla was an Ilokano writer in English. He was well

known for his story presented " How My Brother Leon Brought
Home A Wife". Most of his stories feature his hometown in La
Union, thus depicting his extreme love oh his roots. He studied in
the University of the Philippines where he graduated in 1933 with
a BS in Education and where he became a president of the UP
Writer's Club. He was executed in 1944 by the Japanese Army.
"Life Tests"
Life can be full of tests and little do we know that most of the actions
we do are all part of it. This story talks about how love is tested along the
clash between modernism to traditionalism. Modernism and traditionalism
always seem to clash with each other. These two are always at odds with
each other and in this story, we can see how they are when love is factored
in.

In this story "How My Brother Leon Bought Home A Wife", the local
color was showed. Local color is like a regionalism that refers to the
presence of clearly identifiable characters, dialects, customs, history, and
topography that comes from specific place as exhibited in the story. In this
story, the places, the characters, the descriptions and even the words used
are all indicative of Nagrebcan which is the setting of the story.
 Carlos Bulosan- My Father Goes to Court

In the Island of Luzon, There was a Happy family who always enjoying the day
everyday. The children were always playing outside with a smile, bathing in a cold river
from mountains, full of enjoyment. Until one day, there was a Sad family who came
home in their house. They always locked the windows tightly that no sunlight enters.
The children were curious on that house because they looked up in the window, pale
and thin children looking to their place.

The children were always watching the other children, playing outside with the sun
shines. The rich man always locked the windows and closed all curtains. The rich man’s
servants were cooking special foods that the happy children smelt the aroma. They
always stay in the window to smell the spirit of the food. They sing, play, swim.
Sometimes, they laugh out loud then the other neighbor join them and laugh at them.
 Carlos Bulosan- My Father Goes to Court
Until the day came that the rich man filed a case to the Father that he
always stealing the spirits of his food and wealth. Though, they end up in
the court, with their family. They wait for the jury to judge them. The father
had no attorney but the rich man had. The father always agree to all
question that they always smell the aroma of their food, but not wealth.
Father told the rich man to see his children, and they came, pale and thin.

After that, The father stood up and get some coins to his children and wife
and put them in his straw hat. Then, he walked to the rich man and sounded
the coins and then he said to him if he heard the spirit of the sound, then the
rich man agree and he fell down. The Jury stopped the case and
congratulated the father and he want to hear his children laugh. They laugh
out loud but the jury laughed harder.
Bienvenido N. Santos (March 22, 1911 – January 7, 1996)
was a Filipino-American fiction, poetry and nonfiction
writer. He was born and raised in Tondo, Manila. His
family roots are originally from Lubao, Pampanga,
Philippines.

One of his short stories is SCENT APPLES.

The story was written by Bienvenido Santos entitled “Scent of
apple”. The scent of apples in Santos's short story symbolizes the
nostalgia that people who are far away from home feel for their
homes. Every time the character of Fabio smells apples, he is
transported back to his country of origin. He also feels nostalgia
from his "lost youth" and feels that he is all alone in the world.
Hence, the apples are the symbol of nostalgia, exile, sadness, and
memories.

The story opened with a brief introduction of where the author was.
The author, Mr. Santos, was asked to speak before an audience. He
met Celestino Fabia the night Mr. Santos left his hotel.
Fabia, who is from the Philippines, owns an apple orchard, but,
as the narrator states, there is "no such thing in our own country."
The house Fabia lives in with his wife Ruth and son Roger also
smells like apples, and their back room is filled with them. Even
though Fabia has apples in abundance, a kind wife, and a
handsome son, the apples are a reminder he is far from home.
When the narrator says he hopes he can visit Fabia's town in the
Philippines one day soon, Fabia says no one would remember him
there now. The smell of apples reminds Fabia that he is in the
United States and can't return to his native country, and the smell
is therefore a symbol of longing and nostalgia for his homeland.
 This was able to determine why the story is to be entitled
“Scent of apples” wherein every time the character of Fabio smells
apples, he is transported back to his country of origin. This was a
story of a person who is in another country, this story was applicable
to those who are Overseas Filipino Workers that are miles away with
their love ones.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple
It is a story about a man, named Mario, who suffered in extreme poverty,
so, he walked through the sinful road. He steals with his friends to
experience pleasures. He gained a lot of money from it. However, he
changed when he met Gloria who is a pious woman and he became his
husband. Gloria, despite of Mario’s past, she accepted him because she
believed that Mario will change. Indeed, Mario had changed. He chose a
legal job. For four years, his family suffered in poverty but, Mario never
went back to the life he had before, because he knew that his wife will get
angry, until such time God tested his faith. His daughter, Tita, fell ill
because she has not eaten anything nutritious. And because of this, he was
forced to steal an apple for when he took his daughter for a walk, they
passed a grocery store that sold delicious apple as they’re on their way
home.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

His daughter wanted him to buy one but he couldn’t because he has no
enough money that time. What he did is he buys her one of small green
apples they sell on the sidewalk, but she just threw it away, saying it was
not a real apple. And for an apple, he lost his job. He did not inform his
wife about it because he wanted her not to worry. He looked for another
job but he never found one, so, he approached his friend, Pablo, and told
him that he will join their group again. He was tired to do good things. He
wanted his family to have a beautiful life, so, he chooses to return to the
life he had before, the stealing. One day, he arrived home. His wife slips
her finger to take some money to buy Tita a biscuit, but Mario was
annoyed and moved away from his wife. Then, they began to quarrel.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

Gloria was asking some of the money from his pay but Mario insisted that he
has none. Mario told her that he spent it all for a woman and a drinks but
Gloria didn’t believe in it. So, Mario told her everything. Gloria got angry
after hearing it. But, Mario told her that he had found a good job and his
going to meet someone. Gloria then became glad after hearing it, not until
Pablo showed up. She hated Pablo because Pablo was one of Mario’s friends
who do illegal things. Pablo offered some money to Gloria but, Gloria did not
accept it. Pablo came to their house to fetch Mario because he thought that
Mario would change his mind. He even told Gloria about Mario willing to
work with him.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

Gloria was shocked and she insisted that Mario wouldn’t do such things like
that because she knew that Mario knew anything that makes her angry. But,
Mario confirmed it to her that what she heard is true and that he only
wanted what is good to his family. Gloria convinced him not to go and
reminded him of God. But, Mario never listens to her. He told her to take
good care of herself and that he will be home safely. Gloria was then left
crying with her daughter.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

What is the problem presented in the play?

The problem presented in the play revolves around Mario's desire

for a better life but being limited by his circumstances. 4. Mario's
goal is to provide a better life for his family, specifically his wife
Tita and their child
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

The play highlights the harsh reality of poverty and the struggles faced by the
characters. It explores the moral dilemma that Mario faces and emphazises the
detrimental effects of making desperate choices driven by poverty and societal
pressures.

The title "The World Is an Apple" alludes to the idea that the characters are
trapped in a world of poverty where they are tempted to take shortcuts to
achieve a better life. However, like an apple that appears shiny and tempting
on the outside but may contain a rotten core, the characters' pursuit of
happiness through dishonest means leads to their downfall.
 Alberto S. Florentino- The World is an Apple

CONFLICT:

Man vs. Society: As it was all about poverty, it is the society

which pushes Mario to do such thing because he has a
mentality of being rich is everything.

Man vs. Self: Mario cannot decide what he really have to do

 Scent of Apples by Bienvenido N. Santos
21st Century Literature from
the Philippines and the World

Fourth Quarter
This quarter will take you to selected places in Asia,
Africa, Europe, North America and Latin America with
focus on the authors and timeless literary pieces.

After going through this, you are expected to:

Identify representative texts and authors from Asia,

North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa
(EN12Lit-IIa-22
LITERARY CONTEXT OF THE 21 ST CENTURY
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL LITERATURE
 LITERARY CONTEXT OF THE 21 ST CENTURY
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL LITERATURE
National literature is a literature which reflects the history and culture of a
country and is usually created by its local writers. According to Rev. Harley
Dewart, a national literature is an essential element in the foundation of a
national character. It is not merely a record of a country’s mental progress;
but the expression of its intellectual life, the bond of national unity and the
guide of national energy. It may be fairly questioned, whether the whole range
of history presents the spectacle of a people firmly united politically without
the subtle but powerful cement of a patriotic literature.
Digging deeper