Learning Foundation and Theory

group 2
Adnan Fauzi Nala Praja ( 1802101054 )
Moch Yoga Artandiyanto ( 1902101235 )
Reyka Suci Aniyawati ( 1902101255 )
Rafita Eka Primadani ( 1902101256 )

Here starts the

lesson!
 Problem Formulation

1.What are the Foundations of Integrated Learning

2.How to Compare Learning Theories Underlying

Integrated Learning
A. Integrated Learning
Foundation

1. The philosophical foundation 3. Practical foundation

in integrated learning is strongly influenced by This is needed because basically the
three philosophical schools, namely: (a) teacher must be able to implement
progressivism, (b) constructivism, and (c) integrated learning in an applicative
humanism. way in the classroom.
2. Psychological foundation
Developmental psychology is needed especially
in determining the content/integrated learning
materials given to students so that the level of
breadth and depth is in accordance with the
stages of development of students.
 B. Teori-teori Pembelajaran
yang Mendasari Pembelajaran
Terpadu
Integrated learning is an application of one of the learning
strategies based on an integrated curriculum approach that aims to
create or create a relevant and meaningful learning process for
children (Atkinson, 1989:9 in Ahmad). Collins and Dixon (1991:6
in Ahmad) state about integrated learning as follows: integrated
learning occurs when an authentic event or exploration of a topic
in the driving force in the curriculum. Furthermore, it is explained
that in practice, children can be invited to actively participate in
exploring topics or events, students learn the process and content
(material) of more than one field of study at the same time.
 Some of the theories that
underlie integrated
learning are:

1. Jean Piaget's Theory of Development .According

Piaget believed that physical experiences
to Jean Piaget (in Nur, 1998:11), a child
and manipulation of the environment
progresses through four stages of cognitive
were important for developmental
development between birth and adulthood,
change. From the implications of Piaget's
namely: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete
theory, it is clear that teachers must be
operations and formal operations. Piaget believed
able to create conditions for learners who
that physical experiences and manipulation of the
are able to learn on their own. This means
environment were important for developmental
that teachers do not fully teach a teaching
change. From the implications of Piaget's theory,
material to students, but teachers can
it is clear that teachers must be able to create
build students who are able to learn and
conditions for learners who are able to learn on
are actively involved in learning.
their own. This means that teachers do not fully
teach a teaching material to students, but teachers
can build students who are able to learn and are
actively involved in learning.
2. Constructivism Learning Theory
Constructivist learning theory is a new cognitive learning theory in educational
psychology which states that students must discover and transform complex
information by themselves, checking new information with old rules and revising it
if the rules no longer fit. According to this theory, one of the most important
principles in educational psychology is that teachers cannot simply impart
knowledge to students. Students must build their own knowledge in their minds.
Learning according to constructivism is the result of cognitive construction through
one's activities. This view emphasizes that our knowledge is our own formation.
Constructivists think that the only tools available to a person to know something
are his senses. The principles that are often taken from constructivism according to
Suparno (1997: 73), include:
1) knowledge is built by students actively,
2) the pressure in the learning process lies on the students,
3) teaching is helping students learn,
4) the pressure in the learning process is more on the process, not on the final result
5) the curriculum emphasizes student participation, and
6) teacher as facilitator.
3. Vygorsky's theory

Vygotsky's theory is one of the most

important theories in developmental There are two main implications of
psychology. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes Vygotsky's theory in science
the sociocultural nature of learning. learning. First, it is desirable to
According to Vygotsky, learning occurs have a class structure in the form of
when children work or learn to handle tasks cooperative learning between
that have not been studied but those tasks are students, so that students can
still within the range of their abilities or interact around difficult tasks and
those tasks are in the zone of proximal come up with effective problem
development. Zone of proximal development solving strategies in their respective
is development slightly above the current zones of proximal development.
development of a person. Vygotsky believed Second, Vygotsky's approach to
that higher mental functions generally arise teaching emphasizes scaffolding so
in conversation or collaboration between that students are increasingly
individuals, before the higher mental responsible for their own learning.
functions are absorbed into the individual.
4. Bandura's theory

Modeling is the basic concept of social Based on these behavioral

learning theory developed by Albert patterns, Bandura honestly Ex a m
t
Bandura. According to Bandura, most classifies four phases of conten
humans learn through selective observation modeling learning, namely the
and remembering the behavior of others. attention phase, the retention
Someone learns according to this theory is phase, the reproduction phase,
done by observing the behavior of others and the motivation phase.
(models), the results of these observations
are then strengthened by connecting new
experiences with previous experiences or
repeating them again. This way gives the
opportunity for the person to express the
behavior he has learned.
5. Bruner's Theory

Bruner's theory, hereinafter referred to as The application of Bruner's ideas in learning

discovery learning (inquiry) is a teaching according to Woolfolk (1997: 320) is described
model that emphasizes the importance of as follows: (1) providing examples and not
understanding the structure of the material examples of the concepts being studied, (2)
(key ideas) of a science being studied, the helping students find relationships between
need for active learning as the basis for real concepts, (3) asking questions and letting
understanding and the value of thinking students try find the answers themselves, and (4)
inductively in learning (learning that is encourage students to make intuitive guesses.
actually happens through personal Integrated learning is a teaching and learning
discovery). According to Bruner, learning approach that pays attention to and adapts to the
will be more meaningful for students if they level of development of students
focus their attention on understanding the (Developmentally Appropriate Practical). The
structure of the material being studied. approach departs from learning theory which
rejects the drill-system as the basis for the
formation of children's intellectual knowledge
and structure.
In general, integrated learning in
principle focuses on the The reasons underlying the use of integrated
development of student abilities learning are based on various studies, showing
optimally, therefore an active role that integrated learning:
is needed for students in the 1. In accordance with the student's point of
learning process. Through
integrated learning students get view in paying attention to or studying
direct experience in the learning aspects of life
process. So that with direct 2. Integrated learning makes it possible to
learning experiences experienced see the interrelationships and relationships
by students themselves, students'
abilities will be stronger for the of each subject that may be close together
things they learn. Basically 3. Can give rhythm in the student learning
integrated learning is a learning process, so that the style and level of the
system that allows students both student learning process is not always
individually and in groups to
actively seek, explore, and hampered by the existence of subjects that
discover scientific concepts and are constantly changing
principles in a holistic, 4. Students have the opportunity to follow
meaningful and authentic way. their own learning cycle.
THANKYOU