Chapter 1

Introduction
 Contents

Engineering drawing
Drawing standards
Drawing sheet
Scale
Lettering
Line types
 Engineering
Drawing
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my
mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are
certain signs and more or less clear images which can be “voluntarily” reproduced and
combined--this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in productive thought before
there is any connection with logical construction in words or other kinds of signs which are
communicated to others
--Albert Einstein
Contents
Effectiveness of Graphic Language

1. Try to write a description of

this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or
visualize
from your description.
You can easily understand that …

The word language is inadequate for describing the size,

shape and features completely as well as concisely.
 Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing
“Engineering drawing” or “blueprint” uses lines
to
represent the features of an object.
Features of an object are surface (include plane) and
edge.
Surfac
e
Edge
 Ways to Create an
Engineering Drawing

A drawing can be created in 3 ways

1. Freehand sketch
2. Using typical drawing instruments
3. Using a computer
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.

Example

Pictorial Orthographic
sketch sketch
 Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Drawing instruments are used to
draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately.
Drawings are usually made to scale.

Example
 Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.

Example

2D Solid modeling
drawing
 Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
 Text on drawings : Example
Dimensions
&
Notes

General
notes Title
block
 Knowledge and Skills Require
Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Geometric Projectio
constructio n Dimensions &
n method Notes
Using line types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.

Contents
 Drawing Standard

Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types Contents

 Definition and Necessity
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Drafting Equipment
To prepare engineering drawing, special drawing instruments are
required.
• Drawing Paper (A3)
• Set of Pencils (HB, 2H, 3H)
• Eraser
• Adhesive Tape
• Tee-Square
• Scale / Ruler
• Compass
• Set-Square 45°
• Set-Square 30 °-60 °
• Protractor- 180 ° or 360 °
• French curves
• Circle master
• Drawing Board
 Type Of Lines & Pencils
Pencils
• 2 types of pencils are used: Mechanical & Drawing
• Advantages of Mechanical Pencils;
– Could maintain the constant length and thickness of the lines
– Easy refill
– Permits the lead to be used till the end
– Less expensive on the long run
• Drawing Pencils are made of graphite and polymer binder
or clay at different concentration.
• Drawing Pencils are graded based on the different
composition.

16
 Type Of Lines & Pencils cont…

• Drawing Pencil Grades;

– 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H – Hard; only used for high accuracy like
graphical computations, charts & diagrams. Used to draw lines in
Engineering Drawing, however limited.
– 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B – Medium; Used for general purpose works
in technical drawings such as sketching, arrowheads, & letterings.
– 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B – Soft; these are too soft to be used in
drawings as they easily smudged and difficult to erase the traces.

17
 Drawing Standards

• Drawing standards differs depending region.

• Different standards are different drawing rules.
• When a designer works with an engineering drawing they must
be familiar with the precise meaning of;
– Various line styles
– Abbreviations
– Drawing simplifications
• Standards are developed both privately by companies and by
internationally recognized institutions.
• 2 common standards used in Engineering Drawings are
– British Standard Institution: BS 8888 (Superseded BS 308)
– American National Standards Institute: Y14 series

18
 Drawing Standards Cont…

• Exp. Of Sub-Standards in ANSI Y.14;

– Started in 1975 in Detroit, MI, and revised every 5 years or
so.
• ANSI Y14.1 Drawing Sheet Size and Format
• ANSI Y14.2 Line Conventions and Lettering
• ANSI Y14.3 Multi and Sectional View Drawings
• ANSI Y14.4 American Drafting Standards Manual
• ANSI Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerance
• ANSI Y14.6 Screw Thread Representation
• ANSI Y14.7 Gear Drawing Standard
• ANSI Y14.8 Castings
• ANSI Y14.9 Forgings
• ANSI Y14.1 Metal Stampings
• ANSI Y14.13 to Section 36 Springs, electrical, Title and Notes,
…

19
 Standard Code
Country Code Full
name
Thailand มอก./ สำนักงานมาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์
TIS อุตสาหกรรม
USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für
Normung
IS International Standards Organization
O
 Examples of JIS Standard
Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of

Drawings
JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8312 Line
Conventions
JIS Z 8313
Lettering
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet

Drawing standard Contents

 Drawing Sheet : Standard size
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A3

Standard sheet size A2

(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in
millimeters)
 Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
1. Type X (A0~A4)

c
Sheet size c (min) d
(min)

Borde d Drawing space

c
A4 10 25
r
A3 10 25
lines
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
c

Title block A0 20 25
2. Type Y (A4 only)

d
Drawing
space Title block
 Layout of Drawing
• The preferred size of drawing sheets are
given
10mm in table below.
120 mm

NAME: 5mm
15 mm CLASS:

75 mm TITLE:
SCALE:
DATE:
Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale

Drawing standard Contents

 Drawing Scales : Definition
Length,
size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

Drawin Actual
g
 Drawing Scales : Designation
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.
 Drawing Scales : Notes
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the “true size” of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.
Drawing Scales : Standard scale

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Drawing Standard
Lettering

Drawing standard Contents

 Recommendation
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibilit
y
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between
letters Not uniformly vertical.
- Space between words
Uniformit Not uniform in
y thickness of stroke.
- Size (or text
height) Inappropriate space
between letters
- line thickness
 Style (this course)
Gothic vertical style.

Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital letter.

Text height 2~3 mm.

Space between lines of text is about of text height.

Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of

a
capital letter.
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” “A” “B”
letter letter letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
Letters &Sequence
Numerals
Straight
line
letters

Curved
line
letters
&
Numerals
Lower-case Letters
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
I L T F

E H

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
V X W

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
N M K Z

Y A 4

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
O Q C G

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
D U P B

R J

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
1 2 5 7

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
S 0 3 6

8 9

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
l i

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
v w x k

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
j y f t

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
c o a b

d p q e

Skip section
 Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
g n m h

u s

Skip section
 Word Composition
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.

DRAWING
Non-uniform
spacing

D R A W IN G
Uniform
spacing

Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.

 Word Composition

DRAWING
Contou
r

Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and

“curve”. contour can be
Adjacent
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.

Spacing
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Drawing Standard
Line Types

Drawing standard Contents

 Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Thicknes Thic Thin 1. Dimension line
s 2. Extension line
Styl k Visible line 3. Leader line
e
Continuou Hidden line
s
Das
hChain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden represent features that can not be seen in the current view.
line
4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,
axis of axisymmetrical parts
Example

Contents
Example Of Eng. Drawing