Fundamentals of

Data Communications
Content Development Team:

1. Dr. Irfan Zafar

2. Zahid Hussain
3. Shahab Ahmad
4. Hafiz Safwan Muhammad Chohan
5. Muhammad Rizwan Khan
6. Muhammad Ashraf Javed
7. Zahoor Ahmad
8. Farrukh Abbas Hussain
9. Rasheed Ahmad Malghani
10. Muhammad Zubair
11. Riaz Ahmad

1 1
 1. Evolution of Telecommunications

2 2
 Early history of wireless
communication
• Many people in history used light for communication
– Heliographs (A device for transmitting messages by reflecting sunlight) , flags (“semaphore, A
visual system for sending information by means of two flags that are
held one in each hand, using an alphabetic code based on the
position of the signaler's arms. ”), ...
– 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
– 1794, optical telegraph
• Here Electromagnetic waves are
of special importance:
– 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
– J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave
equations (1864)
– H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)
3 3
 History of Telephony Networks

• Traditional analogous telephony networks

– 1848: State Telegraphy System in Prussia (Siemens)
– 1851: First trans-sea cable between Dover (UK) and
Calais (France)
– 1858: Transatlantic line-based telegraphy between
Europe and America
– 1866: Durable transatlantic cable
– 1876: Bell patents the “phone” (Reiss in Germany)
– 1880: 50.000 participants in US phone network

4 4
 History of Telephony Networks
• Wireless signal transmission
– Morse codes transmitted by radio (Marconi)
– 1901: Radio-based telegraphy between Europe and the US
– 1914: Introducing the teletype/telex system
– 1915: Wireless telephony NY – San Francisco
– 1920: First public radio transmission
– 1923: Start of entertaining radio in Berlin
– 1929: First radio-based TV transmission (Berlin)
– 1935: First regular public TV transmissions in Berlin

5 5
 A Communications Model
• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
6 6
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram

7 7
 Applications of Telecommunications

Business
Telecommunications • Centralized
• Distributed
• Client/server
Telecommunications • Interorganizational
Architectures • Global

Electronic commu- Electronic meeting Business process

nications system systems systems

• Electronic mail • Desktop Video • Online transaction

• Voice mail conferencing processing
• Bulletin Board systems • Decision room • Inquiry/Response
• Videotex conferencing • EDI / XML (EXtensible Markup Language)
• Fascimile • Computer • Electronic Funds Transfer
• Public Information Service conferencing • Activity monitoring
• Teleconferencing • Process control
• Telecommuting

8 8
 Trends
Industry trends
Towards a greater number of competitive vendors, carriers, alliances
and telecommunications network services.

Technology trends
Towards open and interconnected local and global digital networks for voice,
data and video, using high-speed fiber-optics and satellites.

Application Trends
Towards a pervasive use of the internet and enterprise and interorganizational
intranets, to support collaborative computing, online business operations and
strategic advantage in local and global markets.

9 9
 Technological Developments
General trend: Connect everybody to everybody else.
• Internet-network technologies
– thousands new hardware- and software products
– web-browsers, HTML- editors, firewalls
• Open systems: based on standards
– connectivity of systems: middleware
– OSI, TCP/IP
• Digital technologies
– higher transmission speed
– larger information streams
– more efficient transmission method
– less errors
10 10
 Internet Revolution
• Explosive growth
• Terminology
– WWW: inquiry sources of information
via graphical browser software
– E-mail: electronic mail
– Usenet: place messages on bulletin
board
– IRC: real time dialogs
– FTP: file transfer
– Telnet: login on other systems
– Other: telephone, video conferencing
11 11
 Telecommunication model
• Terminals
– terminal, office equipment , telephones , ...
• Telecommunications processors
– modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...
• Telecommunications channels and media
– copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ...
• Computers
– host computers, front-end computers, network servers,
• Telecommunications control software
– telecommunication monitors, network operating
systems

12 12
 Telecommunication Components
5 components

Telecom
Channels and Media
Telecommunications
software
Telecom Telecom
processors processors
End-user
workstation Computers

13 13
 LAN
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation
Databases and
Software packages

Shared hard disk

Network
Server

Shared
printer
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation

Port to
other networks

14 14
 WAN - Internetwork
LAN’s Mainframe,
hosts

network
in US
network
in Europe

LAN’s

Internet
Tymnet

network
in Pakistan

15 15
 The Internetwork-enterprise
The Internet

Intranets
Extranets
Enterprise

Intranets Intranets

Client Supplier

Intranets
Electronic Commerce
Other Organizations

16 16
 Transmission Terminology
• Data transmission occurs between a
transmitter & receiver via some medium
• Guided Medium
– eg. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber
• Unguided / Wireless Medium
– eg. air, water, vacuum

17 17
 Media and Channels
• Signals Medium Transmission speed
– analog Metal wire .0012Mbps - 10 Mbps
Microwave .256 Mbps - 100Mbps
– digital Fiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps
• Cables
– Twisted-pair interference
– Coaxial cable20x more expensive
5.500 simultaneous phone calls
– Fiber-optic
1 fiber 30.000 phone calls
• Wireless
– microwave
– satellites
• Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing
• GPS global positioning system
18 18
 Communication hardware
• Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps
• Transmission mode
– Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction
– Half-duplex 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination
– Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions
• Transmission accurateness
– parity bits forward and backward error correction
• Processors
– multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution
– front-end processors to handle routine communication
tasks with peripheral equipment

19 19
 Network Topology

• Star
– all communications go via the central system
• Bus
– can easily be extended at the ends
• Ring
– more secure

20 20
 Star Network
With direct
connections

Point-to-point lines

- Efficient , also for high speeds

- With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem
21 21
 Bus network
Shared usage of a
broadband network

Multidrop lines

- more complex hardware

- simpler cabling system
22 22
 Ring Networks

Ring Network

- more equal basis

23 23
 Open systems
Definition: An open system is a system where the design has not
been made by a supplier but by an accredited
standardization organization (eg:ISO , IEEE , ANSI ,
CODASYL , ... )
• This provides the user a better independence from a
specific hardware or software supplier and therefore a
better guarantee for his investments.
• It allows the user to make always the most appropriate and
optimal choice for each of the sub-systems .
• Open systems are not yet sufficiently available on the
market.
• The best examples are UNIX and the OSI network model
24 24
 The OSI model
Defined by ISO ( International Standard Organization ).
OSI ( Open System Interconnect ) describes a framework to
subdivide connection problems in networks into almost
independent sub-problems .

president x diplomatic president y

e.g.:
rules
common
interpreter x interpreter y
language

common
cryptography cryptography
key

common
operator operator
channel

physical link
25 25
 The TCP/IP and the 7 layer OSI model
TCP/IP OSI

Communication services
Application layer for end users
Application- or Correct formatting
Presentation layer
process layer and coding
Support for session
Session layer
initiation
Host-to-host Data transfers between
Transport layer
transport layer nodes
Internet-protocol routing of
IP Network layer connections
Support for error-free
network-interface data link
data transfer
physical access to
Physical layer Physical layer
communication media

26 26
 Transmission Terminology
• Direct link
– no intermediate devices
• Point-to-point
– direct link
– only 2 devices share link
• Multi-point
– more than two devices share the link

27 27
 Frequency, Spectrum and
Bandwidth
• Time domain concepts
– Analog signal
• various in a smooth way over time
– Digital signal
• maintains a constant level then changes to another
constant level
– Periodic signal
• pattern repeated over time
– Aperiodic signal
• pattern not repeated over time
28 28
 Analogue & Digital Signals

29 29
Periodic
Signals

30 30
Local Telecommunication Network

End-user facilities Access facilities End office facilities

DSU/TA Terminal box
Telephone, FAX, End office
Metallic cable
PC, Pay phone Air-conditioner
Local switch
Utility pole
MDF Repeater
Manhole / stations
(Not included)
Remote Hand-hole
terminal
Conduit line
Metallic / Optical cable Closure

Electric generator
Backup battery

31 31
2. BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS

32 32
 Transmission of Digital Data

Digital Data Transmission

DTE-DCE Interface
Other Interface Standards
(MODEM)

33 33
Transmission Mode

Parallel Transmission

Serial Transmission

34 34
 Data transmission

35 35
 Digital Data Transmission
• Parallel Transmission
~ By grouping, we can send data n bits at a
time instead of one

– (speed)
– (expansive)
– (short distance): 25 feet

36 36
 Parallel transmission

37 37
 Digital Data Transmission

• Serial Transmission
~ one bit follows another

– channel
– require interface converter

38 38
 Serial transmission

39 39
 Asynchronous transmission

In asynchronous transmission, we
send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning
and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end
of each byte. There may be a gap
between each byte.

40 40
 Asynchronous transmission

41 41
 Synchronous transmission

In synchronous transmission,
we send bits one after another without
start/stop bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the receiver to
group the bits.

42 42
 Synchronous transmission

43 43
 DTE-DCE Interface
• DTE(Data Terminal equipment)
• DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)

44 44
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)
~ is any device that is a source of destination
for binary digital data
– terminal
– microcomputer
– computer
– printer
– fax machine and so on

45 45
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• DCE(Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment)
~ is any device that transmits or receives data
in the form of an analog or digital signal
through a network

• Modulator/demodulator

46 46
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• (Standards)
~ to define the connection between a DTE and
DCE

47 47
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• Standards
– EIA
• EIA-232
• EIA-442
• EIA-449
– ITU-T
• V series
• X series

48 48
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• EIA-232(RS-232)
~ defines the mechanical, electrical and
functional characteristics
• (mechanical)
~ define the interface as a 25-wire cable with a
male and a female DB-25 pin connector
~ length may not exceed 15m(50 feet)
• (electrical specification)
~ define voltage levels and the type of signal
(: NRZ-L)
49 49
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• sending the data
~ To be recognized as data, the amplitude of a
signal must fall between 3 and 15 volts or
between –3 and –15 volts

50 50
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• control and timing
~ Signals must be sent using OFF less than –3
volts and ON greater than +3 volts

51 51
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• (Functional Specification)

52 52
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• synchronous full-duplex transmission

53 53
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)

54 54
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• Null Modem
~ not needed to connect two compatible digital
devices directly. If you have two applications you want to connect to each other using serial ports
you need a null modem. A null modem is basically a cable to connect two serial ports to each other. Normally you need two

computers or two physical ports on one computer to achieve this.

• Using regular data pin connections with and

without DCEs

55 55
 DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
• Crossing Connections
• Null modem pin connection

56 56
 3. PULSE CODE MODULATION

57 57
 Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse amplitude modulation has some

applications, but it is not used by itself
in data communication. However, it is
the first step in another very popular
conversion method called
pulse code modulation.

58 58
 Pulse Code Modulation
• The advantages of digital communication
systems (cf. analogue communication)
– Easier to store as a pattern of 1's and 0's
• Increased Immunity
• non-linearities
– Easier to process in computers and digital signal
processors
– Can be coded for security and error correction purposes
– Several digital signals can easily be interleaved
(multiplexed) and transmitted on one channel
– Noisy digital signals can be regenerated more effectively
than analogue signals can be amplified.
59 59
 PAM

60 60
 A brief aside about ADCs
• ADCs are used to convert an analogue input voltage into a number that can be
interpreted as a physical parameter by a computer.

0111 Resolution=
0110 1 part in 2n
0100
0101
0011
0010
0001
0000
1111
1110
1100
1010
1101
1011
1001

0000 0110 0111 0011 1100 1001 1011

Numbers passed from ADC to computer to represent analogue voltage

61 61
 Sampling
• The input signal is sampled prior to digitisation and an approximation to
the input is reconstructed by the digital-to-analogue converter:

input

Sampling Digitisation code, modulate

Transmission
•Wire/optical fibre
•Aerial/free-space
Digital-to-analogue
Filtering Demodulate, Decode
conversion

output

62 62
 Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem is used to determine the minimum rate
at which an analog signal can be sampled without information
being lost, when the original signal is recovered.
1.The Voice Signal must be band limited.
2. The sampling frequency (fA) must be more than twice the
highest frequency contained in the analog signal (fS).

fA > 2fS.
TA = 1 / fA = 1 / 8000 Hz = 125 us.

63 63
 Quantized PAM signal

64 64
 Quantizing by using sign and magnitude

65 65
 PCM

66 66
 Generation of PAM Signals
Low Pass Filter Electronic Switch

t t t

Subscriber Band limited Sampling frequency fA TA = 1 / fA =

Telephone signal Telephone Signal = 8000 Hz 125 us (PAM)

67 67
 From analog signal to PCM digital code

68 68
Note:

According to the Nyquist theorem, the

sampling rate must be at least 2 times
the highest frequency.

69 69
 Nyquist theorem

70 70
Example
What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?
Solution
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in
the signal:

Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s

71 71
Example
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,
assuming 8 bits per sample?
Solution

The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0

to 4000 Hz.
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s

Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample

= 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps = 64 Kbps

72 72
 Note:
Note that we can always change a
band-pass signal to a low-pass signal
before sampling. In this case, the
sampling rate is twice the bandwidth.

73 73
 PCM 30 Ch. Structure.
Telephone Channels Telephone Channels

0 1 . . 14 15 16 17 18 . . 31

12345678 12345678
1. FAS in odd frames for Synch.
Signaling Channel
( X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1)

2. Service Word in Even frames

(X1DNYYYY)

32 X 8 bits =256 bits

125 us

74 74
 Multiplexing

It was impossible to get a conversation

going, everybody was talking too much.
• Yogi Berra

75 75
 Multiplexing
• multiple links on 1 physical line
• common on long-haul, high capacity, links
• have FDM, TDM, STDM alternatives

76 76
 Frequency Division Multiplexing

77 77
 FDM
System
Overview

78 78
 FDM Voice band Example

79 79
 Analog Carrier Systems
• long-distance links use an FDM hierarchy
• AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
• Group
– 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
– in range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
– FDM of 5 group signals supports 60 channels
– on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
• Mastergroup
– FDM of 10 supergroups supports 600 channels
• so original signal can be modulated many times
80 80
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• FDM with multiple beams of light at different freq
• carried over optical fiber links
– commercial systems with 160 channels of 10 Gbps
– lab demo of 256 channels 39.8 Gbps
• architecture similar to other FDM systems
– multiplexer consolidates laser sources (1550nm) for
transmission over single fiber
– Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
– Demux separates channels at the destination
• also have Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM)

81 81
 Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing

82 82
 TDM
System
Overview

83 83
 TDM Link Control
• no headers and trailers
• data link control protocols not needed
• flow control
– data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
– if one channel receiver can not receive data, the
others must carry on
– corresponding source must be quenched
– leaving empty slots
• error control
– errors detected & handled on individual channel

84 84
 Data Link Control on TDM

85 85
 Framing
• no flag or SYNC chars bracketing TDM frames
• must still provide synchronizing mechanism
between src and dest clocks
• added digit framing
– one control bit added to each TDM frame
– identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
– eg. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
– compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with
known sync pattern

86 86
 Pulse Stuffing
• have problem of synchronizing data sources
• with clocks in different sources drifting
• also issue of data rates from different sources
not related by simple rational number
• Pulse Stuffing a common solution
– have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits)
higher than sum of incoming rates
– stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming
signal until it matches local clock
– stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and
removed at demultiplexer
87 87
 TDM Example

88 88
 Digital Carrier Systems
• long-distance links use an TDM hierarchy
• AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
• US system based on DS-1 format
• can carry mixed voice and data signals
• 24 channels used for total data rate 1.544Mbps
• each voice channel contains one word of
digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
• same format for 56kbps digital data
• can interleave DS-1 channels for higher rates
– DS-2 is four DS-1 at 6.312Mbps

89 89
 DS-1 Transmission Format

90 90
 SONET/SDH
• Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI)
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
• have hierarchy of signal rates
– Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1)
or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) is 51.84Mbps
– carries one DS-3 or multiple (DS1 DS1C DS2)
plus ITU-T rates (eg. 2.048Mbps)
– multiple STS-1 combine into STS-N signal
– ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)

91 91
 SONET Frame Format

92 92
 Statistical TDM
• in Synch TDM many slots are wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand
• multiplexer scans input lines and collects
data until frame full
• line data rate lower than aggregate input
line rates
• may have problems during peak periods
– must buffer inputs
93 93
 Statistical TDM Frame Format

94 94
 Cable Modems
• dedicate two cable TV channels to data transfer
• each channel shared by number of subscribers,
using statistical TDM
• Downstream
– cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
– active subscribers share downstream capacity
– also allocates upstream time slots to subscribers
• Upstream
– user requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
– Headend scheduler notifies subscriber of slots to use
95 95
 Cable Modem Scheme

96 96
 4. SWITCHING IN DATA NETWORKS

97 97
Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching
• CIRCUIT SWITCHING:
SWITCHING
– The method used in telephone networks

– Sets up a temporary circuit between the source and the

destination
– Resources are reserved for the duration of the session (call)

• PACKET SWITCHING:
SWITCHING
– Appropriate when data are transmitted infrequently from a large
number of nodes
• Used on the Internet

– The message is divided into packets containing control

information
• No circuit is established

– Provides better sharing of resources

• Multiple users share the same resources

– A store-and-forward network where the block of transfer is a

complete packet. A packet is a variable length block of data with a
tight upper bound.

102 102
 Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

(a) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching.

103 103
 Message Switching
• A store-and-forward network where the
block of transfer is a complete message.
• Since messages can be quite large, this
can cause:
– buffering problems
– high mean delay

104 104
 Packet Switching

107 107
 Connection-Oriented
• A setup stage is used to determine the end-to-end path
before a connection is established.
• Data flow streams are identified by some type of
connection indicator (e.g. OSI, X.25, SNA… System
Network Architecture ).

109 109
 Connectionless Oriented
• No set up is needed
• Each packet contains information which allows
the packet to be individually routed hop-by-hop
through the network.

110 110
 Connection Strategies
• Circuit switching. A permanent physical link is established
for the duration of the communication (i.e., telephone system).
• Message switching. A temporary link is established for the
duration of one message transfer (i.e., post-office mailing
system).
• Packet switching. Messages of variable length are divided
into fixed-length packets which are sent to the destination.
Each packet may take a different path through the network.
The packets must be reassembled into messages as they
arrive.
• Circuit switching requires setup time, but incurs less overhead
for shipping each message, and may waste network
bandwidth. Message and packet switching require less setup
time, but incur more overhead per message.

114 114
 Circuit switched and packet-
switched networks

116 116
 5. Modems

120
 Modems Overview
• The word "modem" is a contraction of the
words modulator-demodulator.
• Modems came into existence in the 1960s as a
way to allow terminals to connect to computers
over the phone lines.

121 121
 Modems Overview
• For connecting to the Internet, following ways
are possible:
– through a regular modem
– through a LAN
– through a cable-modem, or
– through a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection
• DSL is a very high-speed connection that uses
the same wires as a regular telephone line.

122 122
 Modem: Basic Working
• A modem is typically used to send digital data
over a phone line.
• Wireless modems convert digital data into radio
signals and back
• The sending modem modulates the data into a
signal that is compatible with the phone line, and
the receiving modem demodulates the signal
back into digital data.

123 123
 Modems: Speed
• In the earlier days, speed of modems was
300 bps.
• This speed was tolerable because 300 bps
represents about 30 characters per
second, which is a lot more characters per
second than a person can type or read.
• When there came need of transferring
large programs and images to and from
computers, 300 bps became intolerable.
124 124
 Modems: Speed
• Modem speeds went through a series of steps at
approximately two-year intervals:
– 300 bps - 1960s through 1983 or so
– 1200 bps - Gained popularity in 1984 and 1985
– 2400 bps
– 9600 bps - First appeared in late 1990 and early 1991
– 19.2 kilobits per second (Kbps)
– 28.8 Kbps
– 33.6 Kbps
– 56 Kbps - Became the standard in 1998
– ADSL, with theoretical maximum of up to 8 megabits per second
(Mbps) - Gained popularity in 1999

125 125
 High-Speed Modems: 56K
Modem

126 126
 High-Speed Modems: 56K
Modem
• All ranges of these high-speed modems
incorporate a concept of gradual
degradation.
• This mean they can test the phone line
and fall back to slower speeds if the line
cannot handle the modem's fastest speed.

127 127
 High-Speed Modems: ADSL
• After 56K modems came asymmetric
digital subscriber line (ADSL) modems.
• The word asymmetric is used because
these modems send data faster in one
direction than they do in another.
• An ADSL works on the dedicated copper
wire that can carry far more data than the
3,000-hertz signal needed for phone's
voice channel.
128 128
 ADSL Modem Working
• If ADSL modems are installed in telephone
company’s premises and at the user’s
end, the section of copper wire between
user and the phone premises can act as a
purely digital high-speed transmission
channel.
• The same line can transmit both a phone
conversation and the digital data.

129 129
 ADSL Modem Working
• The capacity 1 Mbps between the home and the
phone company (upstream) and 8 Mbps
between the phone company and the home
(downstream) under ideal conditions.

130 130
 ADSL Modem Working

131 131
 Advantages of DSL
• You can leave your Internet connection open
and still use the phone line for voice calls.
• The speed is much higher than a regular modem
• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it
can use the phone line you already have.
• The company that offers DSL will usually provide
the modem as part of the installation.

132 132
 Disadvantages of DSL
• A DSL connection works better when you
are closer to the provider's central office.
The farther away you get from the central
office, the weaker the signal becomes.
• The connection is faster for receiving data
than it is for sending data over the
Internet.
• The service is not available everywhere.
133 133
 List of Dialup speeds
Connection Bitrate
110 baud Bell 101 modem 0.1 kbit/s
300 baud (Bell 103 or V.21) 0.3 kbit/s
1200 bps (600 baud) (Bell 212A or V.22) 1.2 kbit/s
2400 bps (600 baud) (V.22bis) 2.4 kbit/s
4800 pbs (1600 baud) (V.27ter) 4.8 kbit/s
9600 bps (2400 baud) (V.32) 9.6 kbit/s
28.8 bps (3200 baud) (V.34) 28.8 kbit/s
33.6 bps (3429 baud) (V.34) 33.6 kbit/s
56 kbps (8000/3429 baud) (V.90) 56.0/33.6 kbit/s
56 kbps (8000/8000 baud) (V.92) 56.0/48.0 kbit/s
Bonding Modem (two 56k modems)) (V.92) 112.0/96.0 kbit/s
Hardware compression (variable) (V.90/V.42bis) 56.0-220.0 kbit/s
Hardware compression (variable) (V.92/V.44) 56.0-320.0 kbit/s
Server-side web compression (var) 100.0-1000.0 kbit/s
134 134
 Voice Modems
• Voice modems are regular modems that
are capable of recording or playing audio
over the telephone line.
• They are used for telephony applications.

135 135
 6. Local Area Networks (LAN’s)

136
 Network

• A computer network is a
collection of computers,
printers, routers, switches,
and other devices that are
able to communicate with
one another over some
transmission media.

137 137
 Network: Major Types
• Peer to Peer Network
– The simplest form of networking is Peer to Peer.
– In Peer to Peer network
• Each workstation acts both a client and server.
• There is no central repository for information and no central
server to maintain.
• Data and resources are distributed throughout the network,
and each user is responsible for sharing data and resources
connected to their system

138 138
 Peer to Peer Network
• Advantages
– Inexpensive
– Easy setup
– Easy maintain
• Disadvantages
– No central administrator
– Scattered data
– Evasive resources
– Weak security

139 139
 Server-Based Networking
• In server based networking, we use one computer
usually larger than clients which is dedicated to handing
out files or information to clients.
• The server based controls the data, as well as printers
and other resources the clients need to access.
• The server is not only a faster computer with better
processor but it also require much more storage space
to contain all data that needs to be shared to the clients.
• Its purpose is strictly to provide services to other
computers, not to request services.
• Server are optimized to handout information as fast as
possible
140 140
 Server-Based Networking
• Advantages
– Centralized security
– Dedicated severs
– Easy accessibility
– Easy backup
• Disadvantages
– Depend on administrator
– Expensive server
141 141
 Categories of Networks
• Conventionally, the sizes of networks are
generally categorized into three main
groups:
– LAN
– MAN
– WAN
But in todays’ working environment, every
network network that is above the LAN is
called a WAN.
142 142
 Local-Area Network—LAN
• What is a LAN?
– A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other devices that
can communicate with each other in a small area (< ~ 3000 m or 1000
feet)
• What are the components?
– Computers, operating system (OS),
network interface card (NIC), and hubs
• How is a LAN controlled?
– Protocols—Formal descriptions of sets of rules and conventions that
govern how devices on a network exchange information
– Standards—Sets of rules or procedures that are either widely used or
officially specified

143 143
 Local Area Networks

• LANs are designed to:

– Operate within a limited geographic area
– Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
– Control the network privately under local
administration
– Provide full-time connectivity to local services
– Connect physically adjacent devices

144 144
 LAN described
• The smallest network size is a
LAN (Local Area Network).
• LAN are normally contained in a
building or small group of
buildings.
• Some characteristics of a LAN are
high speed, small error counts,
and inexpensive price
• Since LAN is contained in small
areas, high speed cable can be
used. Also since the installed
media is usually high quality, few
to no errors are generated on the
network.
• Process of LAN equipment is fairly
cheap

145 145
 MAN Described
• A Metropolitan Area Network
or MAN is a group of LANs
located in a city. For example if
a collage had campus with
networks at each spread over
the majority of a city, they
would be connected to create
a MAN.
• MAN is slower than LANs but
usually have few errors on the
networks.
• Since special equipment is
needed to connect the different
LANs together, they have a
high price

146 146
 WAN Described
• The largest network size is a
WAN. WAN can introduced
any number of LANs, and
WANs.
• They can connect networks
across cities, states, countries
or even world. WAN normally
use connections that travel all
over the country or world.
• For this reason they are
usually slower than MAN and
LANs and more errors. They
also require a lot of especial
equipment

147 147
 Topologies
• The way devices on the network are physically
connected is known as topology.
• Topology include such aspects as the transmission
media, adapters, and physical design of the network
• Networks can be laid out in different ways.
• There are three basic topologies
– Bus Topology
– Ring Topology
– Star Topology

148 148
 Topologies: Bus
• The BUS topology is the simplest to install.
All devices on the network are connected to
one primary cable. There is no central server

149 149
 Topologies: Bus
• Advantages
– Easy to install
– Inexpensive
– Easily extended
• Disadvantages
– Performance degradation
– Weakened signal
– Difficult to troubleshoot
– If a connection is broken, entire network stop working

150 150
 Topologies: Ring
• A Ring network is one in which all micro
computers and other communication
devices are connected in continuous loop.
There is no central server

151 151
 Topologies: Ring
• Advantages
– It provides an orderly network in which every
device has access to the token and can
transmit.
– It performs well under a heavy load.
• Disadvantages
– Changes made when adding or removing a
device affect the entire network
– If a connection is broken, entire network stop
working
152 152
 Topologies: Star
• The star topology uses a separate cable for
each workstation; the cable connects the
workstation to a central device typically a HUB

153 153
 Topologies: Star
• Advantages
– Easily expand
– Easier to troubleshoot
– Multiple cable types supported by HUB
• Disadvantages
– If HUB fails all networks can be stop working
– Requires more cable
– May require a device to rebroadcast signals
across the network
154 154
 Topologies: Mesh
• The mesh topology
provides highest level
of fault tolerance.
• A tree mesh network
uses separate cables
to connect each
device to every other
communication paths

155 155
 Topologies: Mesh
• Advantages
– Enhanced fault tolerance provided by
redundant links
– Easy to troubleshoot
• Disadvantages
– Difficult to install and maintain
– Costly to provide redundant links

156 156
 Topologies: Tree
• A hybrid topology.
Groups of star-
configured
networks are
connected to a
linear bus
backbone

157 157
 Baseband versus Broadband
Baseband—
Local-Area Network
(LAN)

Broadband—
Wide-Area Network
(WAN)

158 158
 Network Interface Card
• Amplifies electronic signals
• Packages data for transmission
• Physically connects computer to
transmission
media (cable)

PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS

Connector Port Network Interface

Card (NIC)

159 159
 Wiring Hub
PC or Workstation
Printer Loaded with NOS
(Also has a NIC)
Wiring
Hub

NIC

160 160
 Cables or Transmission Media
Printer PC or Workstation
(Also has a NIC) Loaded with NOS
Connectors
Wiring Hub

NIC

Cable

• Physical environments through RJ-45

which transmission signals pass Connector
– Fiber-optic cable
– Twisted pair
– Atmosphere
– Coaxial cable
• Connectors (RJ-11, RJ-45, etc.)
161 161
 Network Cabling
• Media connecting network components
– NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable
– LAN cables only carry one signal at a time
– WAN cables can carry multiple signals
simultaneously
• Three primary types of cabling
– Twisted-pair (or copper)
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber-optic cable

162 162
 Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)
STP only:
Twisted-Pair
Shielded Insulation
to Reduce EMI Color-Coded
Outer Jacket Plastic Insulation

Speed and throughput: RJ-45

10/100 Mbps Connector
Relative cost: Least costly
Media and connector size:Small
Maximum
163 cable length: 100 m 163
 Coaxial Cable
Braided Copper Shielding
OuterJacket
Plastic Insulation
Copper Conductor

Speed and throughput: 10/100 Mbps BNC Connector

Relative cost: More than UTP, but still
low
Media and connector size: Medium
Maximum cable length: 200/500 m
164 164
 Fiber-Optic Cable
Plastic
Kevlar Reinforcing
Outer Jacket Shield Glass Fiber
Material
and Cladding

Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light

(100 km)
Multimode: Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km)
Multimode
Connector
Speed and throughput: 100+ Mbps
Average cost per node: Most expensive
Media and connector size: Small
165 165
Maximum cable length: Up to 2 km
 Throughput Needs

202,000,000 bits
841,000 bits

100,000 bits 7,300,000 bits/screen

30 pictures/second
224,000,000 bps!!!
2,457,000 bits/screen
30 screens/second
64,000 bps 73,728,000 bps
166 166
Throughput Rate and Bandwidth

• Throughput rate
– The rate of information arriving at, and
possibly passing through, a particular point in
a network
• Bandwidth
– The total capacity of a given network medium
or protocol
THROUGHPUT = BANDWIDTH - OVERHEAD
167 167
 Throughput Rate
Networking Speed Transmit Time
Made Easy

9,600 bps = 12.27 hrs

24,000 bps = 4.91 hrs
10,000 56 Kbps = 2.1 hrs
pages
= 53 MB 1 Mbps = 7.1 min
(Megabytes)
10 Mbps = 42.4 sec
100 Mbps = 4.24 sec
1 Gbps = 0.42 sec
1 Byte = 8 bits
168 168
 LAN/WAN Devices

• Hubs
• Bridges
• Switches
• Routers

169 169
 Hub

• Device that serves as the center of

a star topology network,
sometimes referred to as a
multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a
concentrator; no forwarding
intelligence

170 170
 Hubs
123 126

124
127

Hub
125 Data
Data 128

• Amplifies signals
• Propagates signals through the network
• Does not filter data packets based on destination
• No path determination or switching
• Used as network concentration point
171 171
 Bridge

• Device that connects and passes

packets between two network
segments.
• More intelligent than hub—analyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or
filters) them based on addressing
information.

172 172
 Bridge Example
123 126

Bridge
124
127
Hub Hub
125
128
Corporate Intranet
Segment 1 Segment 2

• More intelligent than a hub—can analyze incoming packets and

forward (or filter) them based on addressing information
• Collects and passes packets between two network segments
• Maintains address tables
• Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used
primarily in Token Ring LANs)
173 173
 Switches
• Use bridging technology to
forward traffic between ports.
• Provide full dedicated data
transmission rate between two
stations that are directly connected
to the switch ports.
• Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable
memory (CAM).

174 174
 Switching—“Dedicated” Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
31 UTP Cable
“Dedicated”
Switch 34
32
35

100 Mbps 100 Mbps

36
33 Corporate Intranet

• Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can
filter)
• Provides full dedicated transmission rate between stations that are connected to
switch ports
• Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking
• All types available—Ethernet, Token Ring, ATM
175 175
 Routers
•• Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
•• Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination
using
using metrics
metrics
•• Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from one
one
network
network to
to another
another
•• Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts toto the
the
network
network

176 176
 Summary

• LANs are designed to operate within

a limited geographic area
• Key LAN components are computers, NOS,
NICs, hubs, and cables
• Common LAN topologies include
bus, tree, star, and ring
• Common LAN/WAN devices are hubs, bridges,
switches, and routers

177 177
 LAN Technologies Bandwidth
LAN Technologies Bandwidth
Ethernet 10 Mbps (Shared)
Switched Ethernet 10Mbps (Node to Node)
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps
10 Gigabit Ethernet 10,000 Mbps
Token Ring 4.16 Mbps
Fast Token Ring 100 Mbps
FDDI/CDDI 100 Mbps
ATM 25,45,155,622,2488 Mbps

178 178
 WAN Technologies
WAN Technologies Bandwidth

Un Switched Private Lines

T1 24 x 64 Kbps = 1.5 Mbps

T3 672 x 64 Kbps = 44.7 Mbps

DSL 144 Kbps to 52 Mbps

179 179
 Switched Services
Dial Up Via Modem 9.6,14.4, 28.8, 33.6, 56 Kbps
ISDN BRI 64,128 Kbps PRI 1.544 Mbps

Switched 56/64 56 Kbps, 64 Kbps

Packet Switched (X25) 56 Kbps

Frame Relay 56 Kbps to 45 Mbps

SMDS (Switched Multi 45, 155 Mbps
Megabit Data Service)

ATM 25,45,155,622,2488 Mbps

180 180
 DNIC Interface
• Digital wireless interface for a
base station for establishing
communication between a
plurality of digital radio
channels and a plurality of
digital wire line circuits

181 181
 Ethernet

182 182
 Shared Access Networks…
• Shared Access Networks assume multiple nodes on
the same physical link
– Bus, ring and wireless structures
– Transmission sent by one node is received by all others
– No intermediate switches
• Need methods for moderating access (MAC protocols)
– Fairness
– Performance
– How can this be done?

183 183
 Multiple Access Methods
• Fixed assignment
– Partition channel so each node gets a slice of the bandwidth
– Essentially circuit switching – thus inefficient
– Examples: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA (all used in wireless/cellular
environments)
• Contention-based
– Nodes contends equally for bandwidth and recover from
collisions
– Examples: Aloha, Ethernet
• Token-based or reservation-based
– Take turns using the channel
– Examples: Token ring

184 184
A Quick Word about Token Ring
• Developed by IBM in early 80’s as a new LAN
architecture
– Consists of nodes connected into a ring (typically via
concentrators)
– Special message called a token is passed around the ring
• When nodes gets the token it can transmit for a limited time
• Every node gets an equal opportunity to send
– IEEE 802.5 standard for Token Ring
• Designed for predictability, fairness and reliability
– Originally designed to run at either 4Mbps and 16Mbps
• Still used and sold but beaten out by Ethernet

185 185
 The Ethernet…
• History
– Developed by Bob Metcalfe and others at Xerox PARC in mid-1970s
– Roots in Aloha packet-radio network
– Standardized by Xerox, DEC, and Intel in 1978
– LAN standards define MAC and physical layer connectivity
• IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD - Ethernet) standard – originally 2Mbps
• IEEE 802.3u standard for 100Mbps Ethernet
• IEEE 802.3z standard for 1,000Mbps Ethernet
• CSMA/CD: Ethernet’s Media Access Control (MAC) policy
– CS = carrier sense
• Send only if medium is idle
– MA = multiple access
– CD = collision detection
• Stop sending immediately if collision is detected

186 186
Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2
• 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 185 (~200) meters cable length
• Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology

• Repeaters used to connect multiple segments

– Repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its other interfaces: physical layer device only!

187 187
 10BaseT and 100BaseT
• 10/100 Mbps rate
• T stands for Twisted Pair
• Hub(s) connected by twisted pair facilitate “star
topology”
– Distance of any node to hub must be < 100M

188 188
 Physical Layer Configurations for 802.3
• Physical layer configurations are specified in three parts
• Data rate (10, 100, 1,000)
– 10, 100, 1,000Mbps
• Signaling method (base, broad)
– Baseband
• Digital signaling
– Broadband
• Analog signaling
• Cabling (2, 5, T, F, S, L)
– 5 - Thick coax (original Ethernet cabling)
– F – Optical fiber
– S – Short wave laser over multimode fiber
– L – Long wave laser over single mode fiber

189 189
 Ethernet Overview
• Most popular packet-switched LAN technology
• Bandwidths: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
• Max bus length: 2500m
– 500m segments with 4 repeaters
• Bus and Star topologies are used to connect hosts
– Hosts attach to network via Ethernet transceiver or hub or switch
• Detects line state and sends/receives signals
– Hubs are used to facilitate shared connections
– All hosts on an Ethernet are competing for access to the medium
• Switches break this model
• Problem: Distributed algorithm that provides fair access

190 190
 Ethernet Overview (contd.)
• Ethernet by definition is a broadcast protocol
– Any signal can be received by all hosts
– Switching enables individual hosts to communicate
• Network layer packets are transmitted over an
Ethernet by encapsulating
• Frame Format

64 48 48 16 32

Preamble Dest Src Type Body CRC

addr addr

191 191
 Switched Ethernet
• Switches forward and filter frames based on LAN addresses
– It’s not a bus or a router (although simple forwarding tables are maintained)
• Very scalable
– Options for many interfaces
– Full duplex operation (send/receive frames simultaneously)
• Connect two or more “segments” by copying data frames between them
– Switches only copy data when needed
• key difference from repeaters
• Higher link bandwidth
– Collisions are completely avoided
• Much greater aggregate bandwidth
– Separate segments can send at once

192 192
 Ethernet Frames
• Preamble is a sequence of 7 bytes, each set to “10101010”

– Used to synchronize receiver before actual data is sent

• Addresses
– unique, 48-bit unicast address assigned to each adapter
• example: 8:0:e4:b1:2
• Each manufacturer gets their own address range
– broadcast: all 1s
– multicast: first bit is 1
• Type field is a de-multiplexing key used to determine which
higher level protocol the frame should be delivered to
• Body can contain up to 1500 bytes of data
193 193
 Ethernet’s MAC Algorithm
• In Aloha, decisions to transmit are made without paying
attention to what other nodes might be doing
• Ethernet uses CSMA/CD – listens to line before/during
sending
• If line is idle (no carrier sensed)
– send packet immediately
– upper bound message size of 1500 bytes
– must wait 9.6us between back-to-back frames
• If line is busy (carrier sensed)
– wait until idle and transmit packet immediately
• called 1-persistent sending
• If collision detected
– Stop sending and jam signal
– Try again later

194 194
 Collisions
Collisions are caused when two adaptors transmit at the same
time (adaptors sense collision based on voltage differences)
• Both found line to be idle
• Both had been waiting to for a busy line to become idle

A starts at A B
time 0
Message almost
A B
there at time T when
B starts – collision!

How can we be sure A knows about the collision?

195 195
 Collision Detection
• How can A know that a collision has taken place?
– There must be a mechanism to insure retransmission on collision
– A’s message reaches B at time T
– B’s message reaches A at time 2T
– So, A must still be transmitting at 2T
• IEEE 802.3 specifies max value of 2T to be 51.2us
– This relates to maximum distance of 2500m between hosts
– At 10Mbps it takes 0.1us to transmit one bit so 512 bits (64B) take 51.2us to send
– So, Ethernet frames must be at least 64B long
• 14B header, 46B data, 4B CRC
• Padding is used if data is less than 46B
• Send jamming signal after collision is detected to insure all hosts see collision
– 48 bit signal

196 196
 Fast and Gigabit Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) has technology very similar to
10Mbps Ethernet
– Uses different physical layer encoding (4B5B)
– Many NIC’s are 10/100 capable
• Can be used at either speed
• Gigabit Ethernet (1,000Mbps)
– Compatible with lower speeds
– Uses standard framing and CSMA/CD algorithm
– Distances are severely limited
– Typically used for backbones and inter-router connectivity
– Becoming cost competitive
– How much of this bandwidth is realizable?

197 197
 Experiences with Ethernet
• Ethernets work best under light loads
– Utilization over 30% is considered heavy
• Network capacity is wasted by collisions
• Most networks are limited to about 200 hosts
– Specification allows for up to 1024
• Most networks are much shorter
– 5 to 10 microsecond RTT
• Transport level flow control helps reduce load
(number of back to back packets)
• Ethernet is inexpensive, fast and easy to administer!

198 198
 Ethernet Problems
• Ethernet’s peak utilization is pretty low (like Aloha)
• Peak throughput worst with
– More hosts
• More collisions needed to identify single sender
– Smaller packet sizes
• More frequent arbitration
– Longer links
• Collisions take longer to observe, more wasted bandwidth
– Efficiency is improved by avoiding these conditions

199 199
 Why did Ethernet Win?
• There are LOTS of LAN protocols
• Price
• Performance
• Availability
• Ease of use
• Scalability

200 200
 7. Data Communication Networks

201
 The Network Evolution
New Generation Communications
Wireline
Workstation

Workstation

Full Services
Gateways IP Internet

Wireless Telephone
System

Evolving Internet Communications

202 202
 Key Technologies

Services

IP

Access

Core

203 203
 NGN CONCEPT
SIP
Billing VHE
DHCP WAP AAA Proxy Server
Operator’s
Server Farm

ISP Server Farm

SGSN
GGSN
IP backbone
Global
Internet

Gateway
ADSL
Router
IP backbone

WLAN Access Mobile

Router Router

204 204
 Global 2005 Broadband Access
Market Forecast
3%

2% 12%
DSL
39% Cable
Satellite
FWA
BFWA
Other
44%

Source: the Yankee Group

205 205
Broadband Access Technologies
Satellite, FWA
100%
Optical Fibre

Cable
(coaxial, HFC)

DSL
POTS + ISDN

0%
2000 2005 2010
206 206
 xDSL Technologies
Name Meaning Data Rate Mode Applications
DSL Digital Subscriber 160 Kbps Duplex ISDN Service,
Line Voice and data
comm.

HDSL High data rate .544, 2.048 Mbps Duplex T1/E1, LAN access,
Digital Subscriber server access
Line

SDSL Single line Digital 1.544, 2.048 Mbps Duple Same as HDSL plus
Subscriber Line premises access for
symmetric services

ADSL Assymetric Digital 1.5 to 9 Mbps Downlink Internet access,

Subscriber Line 16 to 640 Kbps Upstream VoD, interactive
multimedia

VDSL Very high data rate 13 to 52 Mbps Downlink Same as ADSL plus
Digital Subscriber 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps Upstream HDTV
Line

207 207
 Ethernet Access Network
• Why Ethernet in the last mile
– Network designers can build networks with IP and
Ethernet and avoid the cost and complexity of
protocol conversion
– Ethernet supports all services (data, voice and video)
and all media types copper & fiber
• Standardisation in IEEE 802.3
– Point to multipoint on optical fiber
– point to point on optical fiber
– point to point on copper

208 208
 Wireless Access Technologies
IEEE 802.15.x (PAN)
Global HomeRF
802.11x (WLAN)
HiperLAN
1000 GSM
GPRS
Mobile EDGE
Telecomunication UMTS
Networks
100

Wireless Office Networks

10 Wireless Device Connections
Data Rate
Range 0.1 1 10 16 100 [Mbps]
[m]
209 209
Wireless IP Networking Revolution
Past Present Demand Future
Paradigms Solutions
Local Area
WLAN
- On campus
Unlicensed Bands - At home
Fixed
Data • Personal mobility
Mobility • High data rate
with • Incremental infrastructure
• Start 1998
Network
Connectivity
(Data + Voice) “3G” WCDMA Wide Area
Mobile Licensed Bands - On the road
Voice
• Full mobility
• Modest data rate
• All new infrastructure
• Start 2002

210 210
 The Future Network

• Different types of
network infrastructures are
linked through common
protocol
• All communication will
be based on packets running
on circuit, packet and
IPv6 wireless networks
• There will be convergence
at service level to reach any
one from anywhere at any
time

211 211
Broadband Networks & Services
Media
Gateways
Content Optical Fibre Content
Communication Backbone Tools
Application Network
Wireless Wireline Cable
Access Access Access

Applications & Services

On the
Move In the Home

Personal Area

212 212
Wireless Dream Towards Reality
• Deployment of WLAN in hot spot areas

– Big ISPs have invested in WLAN

– Major vendor communities support: Cisco, Intel, Nokia..

• Wireless IP solutions have lots of momentum!

– People desire wireless IP terminals and access devices

• WLAN offers a good mobile solution for indoor IP access

– Added value for the user - Flexibility, user mobility

– Added value for ISP - solution for public high IP access

• WLAN standards are converging - IEEE 802.11b and

IEEE802.11a
– Interoperability and roaming issues are being seriously worked out

213 213
 3G & WLAN integration
Summary of features:
Internet - Integrated authentication
3G/"HLR"
and billing
- WLAN security and mobility
with IP terms
Gateway GGSN - AAA work is a must!!!
"WLAN GGSN"

SGSN
Access Router
3G/GPRS
WLAN RAN
RAN
WLAN
AP BTS

Multimode terminal
with 3G user identity

214 214
 Optical Transport Network Architecture

215 215
NG Metro/Access Network Structure
Global / WAN
Large business, 10/40Gbps/
meshed
Enterprises
   

10 Gigabit Ethernet 10/40Gbps/

Customer ring / meshed

Premises  
   
  BS

Metro Network
DWDM DSL BS
  IP/MPLS, MPS   ONT
FTTC
VDSL (E)PON 10Gbps/ downstream
• Private ONT PS up to 2.5 Gbps/ upstream
customers and Passive Point-to-Point
SOHOS Splitter Access Network Link BS
• Low density
housing estates
(D)WDM, IP/MPLS UMTS
with small Pico/Micro
(single family) Cells
houses

ONT BS
• Private
customers and
SOHOS FTTB ONT BS
• High density
Public Area UMTS
housing estates WLAN/UMTS Roaming
WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) Macro Cells
with large
dwelling houses

216 216
 Trends in Network Evolution

CPN: Trend towards high speed wireless (over a

short distance)

Access: Trend towards GPRS/UMTS (high-speed ?)/

WLAN for “hot-spots”, xDSL, Cable,
PON/FTTH/FTTC

Core: Optical (Trend towards higher DWDM)

217 217
 The Evolution of the Core and
Access Networks

Strong trend towards the use of IP as the converged network

protocol in the home, access network and backbone. A
common protocol for conveying the data from the source to
the destination brings (in theory) economies in terms of the
network devices, management and maintenance.

218 218
 Technology Development
Some of the key technologies for NGNs would have to
include:
- middleware and distributed systems (to enable Service Provider -
Network Provider separation)
- IP: IPv6, broadband, QoS, security, mobile and wireless
- multi-domain network management (for seamless roaming and QoS
support)
- seamless interworking between core and access networks
- micro and opto-electronics
- cross-media content
- multi-modal and adaptive interfaces
- multi-lingual dialogue mode
- embedded intelligence
219 219
 Simplified NGN Architecture
Application Layer Operations & Business
Support Systems

SOFTSWITCH Control

Management
Billing AAA App. Servers Policy Network
Interface Interface Interface Interpreter DB

Policy Based Features & SLA QoS QoS

Routing Services Management Controller Routing

Call Control & MGC DB

cNAPS
cNAPS
SS7 ISDN H.323 SIP MGCP MEGACO Virtual Channels SLA
Control Verification

RTP QoS
Forwarding Measurement
Media Media IP
Gateways Servers End Points

Transport Layer

220 220
 Multiservice Soft switch…
delivering multiple services using a
Feature Rich Edge

221 221
 NGN Features & Benefits
• Features
– Multiple applications and media types
– Enhanced connectivity, accessibility and availability

• Benefits
– Increase revenue opportunities through new services
and products
– Significant Reduction of operational costs

222 222
 NGN: Conclusions
• The NGN will deliver new ways of communicating that
most can’t conceive of today
• The NGN is not about rate arbitrage
• IP will rule from network core to the desktop
• The value of the NGN grows exponentially in relation
to the number of applications it supports
• The NGN is by nature global
• The NGN is the integration of communications with IT
and lifestyle
• The transformation of the NGN is already occurring -
don’t miss the boat
223 223
 Technologies in
Data Communications
Networks

224 224
 Key Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control
225 225
 Transmission Medium
• selection is a basic choice
– internal use entirely up to business
– long-distance links made by carrier
• rapid technology advances affects choice
– fiber optic – high capacity, getting cheaper
– Wireless - mobility
• transmission costs still high
• hence interest in efficiency improvements
– multiplexing and compression
226 226
 Networking
• growth of number & power of computers is
driving need for interconnection
• also seeing rapid integration of voice,
data, image & video technologies
• two broad categories of communications
networks:
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)

227 227
 Wide Area Networks
• span a large geographical area
• cross public rights of way
• rely in part on common carrier circuits
• alternative WAN technologies used
include:
– circuit switching
– packet switching
– frame relay
– Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
228 228
 Circuit Switching
• uses a dedicated communications path
established for duration of conversation
• comprising a sequence of physical links
• with a dedicated logical channel
• eg. telephone network

229 229
 Packet Switching
• data sent out in sequence
• small chunks (packets) of data at a time
• packets passed from node to node
between source and destination
• used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications

230 230
 Frame Relay
• packet switching systems have large
overheads to compensate for errors
• modern systems are more reliable
• errors can be caught in end system
• Frame Relay provides higher speeds
• with most error control overhead removed

231 231
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)

• evolution of frame relay

• fixed packet (called cell) length
• with little overhead for error control
• anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
• constant data rate using packet switching
technique with multiple virtual circuits

232 232
 The Internet
• Internet evolved from ARPANET
– first operational packet network
– applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
– had a need for interoperability
– led to standardized TCP/IP protocols

233 233
 Internet Elements

234 234
 Internet Architecture

235 235
 Example Configuration

236 236
 Voice over IP (VoIP)

237
 Agenda

• Why VoIP?
• Comparing & Understanding the VoIP Protocols
SIP Tutorial
• Sample VoIP Applications
• Cisco VoIP products

238 238
Why VoIP? The Interesting Stuff
• Telecommunications Act of 1996
- Deregulation of the Bell networks
- Open the competitive markets for Service Providers
• Converged Networks
- Voice, Video & Data over an IP network
- Reduced the costs of managing parallel networks
- Allows voice to be an IP “application”
• Centralized or distributed architectures
- Add features where they are needed

239 239
 Why VoIP? The Challenging Stuff

• Do we need to replicate all the existing PSTN / PBX

features?
• What’s the right architecture? -
Centralized -
Distributed -
Mix of both
• How do we?
- Provide better than PSTN QoS
- Provide Admission Control
- Secure the signaling & media
- Meet all the regulatory requirements
240 240
 Why are we talking about SIP?
• SIP is a very Internet friendly protocol,
- SIP reuses a lot of Internet protocols & formatting
• It’s about the Applications!!
- The next “Killer App” is the integration of voice, data,
video, IM & Presence… SIP can do this.
• Microsoft!! 250 millions desktops might speak SIP
soon….
- SIP client will be added to WindowsXP in October

241 241
 The history of SIP
• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is defined via RFC2543 on March 17,
1999.
• Additional “feature” drafts have been written to address issues which
concern SS7/ISUP handling, QoS, Alerting, DHCP, 3PCC, Firewalls &
NAT, etc…
• IETF SIP-WG created in September, 1999
• RFC2543bis (additions) created in April 2000.
• Vendor interoperability testing done at the semi-annual SIP Bakeoff (8th
in August in UK)

242 242
SIP Basics - Architectural Elements
• Clients: SIP Phones, Softphones, Gateways, Media
Gateway Controllers, PDAs, Robots
- User Agent Client (UAC) / User Agent Server
(UAS)
- Originate & Terminate SIP requests
• Typically an endpoint will have both UAC & UAS, UAC for
originating requests, and UAS for terminating requests
• Servers:
- Proxy Server
- Redirect Server
- Registrar Server

243 243
 SIP Methods
• Consists of Requests and Responses
• Requests (unless mentioned, each has a response)
• REGISTER: UA registers with Registrar Server
• INVITE: request from a UAC to initiate a session
• ACK: confirms receipt of a final response to INVITE
• BYE: sent by either side to end a call
• CANCEL: sent to end a call not yet connected
• OPTIONS: sent to query capabilities outside of SDP
• Newly Adopted Methods:
• SUBSCRIBE & NOTIFY: used to identify device status / presence. The
foundation of SIP IM / Presence (IMPP).
• INFO: a means of carrying “data” in a message body
• REFER: the mechanism to initiate a Transfer
• MESSAGE: the means of carrying “data” for SIP IMPP
• Messages contain SIP Headers and Body. Body might be SDP or an
attachment or some other application

244 244
 SIP Addressing
• Modeled after mailto URLs. May be a combination of FQDNs
or E.164 numbers or both.
• Support for Fully-Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) using sip:
URLs - sip: “John Doe” <[email protected]>
• Support for E.164 addresses -
sip:[email protected]; user=phone
• Support for mixed addresses -
sip:[email protected]; user=phone
sip:[email protected]

• Support for E.164 addresses using tel: URLs -

tel:14085551234

245 245
 IP Phone Display Applications

IP Telephony Appliance
- Corporate directory
integration via LDAP
- Web site integration via
XML
- Personalized menu’s via
softkeys
Extensible interface with
IP services offers clear
differentiation to PBX
connected devices

246 246
*
 Introduction to
Mobile & Wireless Network

247
 1. Mobile Comm.
• S-curve in communication (telephone) networks
– 1st generation
• Analog and mechanic and electric
• Advantage: talking on the phone instead of running to him(her)
– 2nd generation
• Digital and electronic
• Various flexible control
• Advantage: high speed data transfer, reliable and personalized
services
– 3rd generation
• Mobile handset fixed networks
• Advantage: Quick access, Low cost in setup and maintaining (one
mobile phone acts for many phones, No cabling cost)
– 4th generation
• Mobile handset, mobile network

248 248
 1. Mobile Comm.
• Mobile systems
– Advantages
• Convenience: going to the phone  the phone comes to us
• Quick access regardless one’s position
• Low cost in setup and maintaining
– Disadvantages
• Limited frequency spectrum
• Complex technologies
• Quality of signals
• Power supply for the small portable units

249 249
 1. Mobile Comm.
• Wireless mobile communication system
– Mobile station: end-users can walk, or move in a car
– Land station(base station): the communication nodes
are built distributed throughout the service area
– Communication between two mobile nodes is done
via mobile station, and there is no direct
communication between them
– The first commercial mobile system AMPS(Advanced
Mobile Phone System) is implemented in 1983

250 250
 1. Mobile Comm.
• (frequency) spectrum allocation problem
– Limited frequency (cost for use it)
– Frequency usage ratio is very important topic in
wireless communication
• Cell reuse or spread-spectrum is known to be much efficient
way

without
cell reuse

251 251
 2. Cell Concepts
• Why we only use hexagonal units?
– Hexagonal positioning of base station is the
most efficient
– Area of unit
• Proportional to number of base stations =
proportional to setup cost of base stations
– Number of neighbors to a single unit
• Way of hand-off = proportional to base station
networking and control complexity

252 252
 3. Transmission using Frequency
Spectrum
– ILF: voice frequency
– MF: AM radio
– VHF: FM radio
– UHF: TV broadcasting, PCS

253 253
 3. Transmission using Frequency
Spectrum
• Wireless transmission
– Electro-magnetic radiation is created, if enough current is loaded
into an antenna
– Antenna
• Antenna length: approximately the same as the wavelength of the
generated signal
• Directed antenna: most radiation is focused to a certain direction
• Non-directed antenna: radiation is generated uniformly to all direction
– As frequency(v) increases,
• Smaller wavelength λ = C/v (C=light speed)
• Energy increases, E = hv, h=Planck constant
• Tends to proceed in straight
• More data can be inserted

254 254
 3. Transmission using Frequency
Spectrum
• Type of radio waves
– Depending on the nature of the frequency and type of transmission
– Grounded or surface wave (LF, MF: 30k-3MHz)
• Follows the curvature of the earth
• The long wavelength in this category is relatively immune to terrestrial
condition (tree, mountain, buildings,…), while the short wavelength is
sensitive to them
– Space wave (VHF, UHF, SHF or upper: 30MHz-)
• Covering more area than ground wave
– Sky wave (3-30MHz)
• Transmitted upward to ionosphere, and reflected back to the ground
• For radio-broadcasting and long-distance telephone line
– Satellite-based wave (2-40GHz)
• Upward transmission
• Downward transmission

255 255
 3. Transmission using Frequency
Spectrum
• Speech transmission
– Voice waveform spoken into a phone creates an electrical alternating
current
– Sound wave consists of a band of frequencies
• Spoken vowels: occupy mostly the lower portion of frequency band
• Consonants: use less power and generally occupy high frequency band
– Due to the difficulties in transferring speech signal, spectrum is cutoff in
200-3500Hz
• Low frequency FL: It is hard to reproduce low frequency exactly using a
normal speaker
• High frequency FH: high frequency usually is cut off during transmission on
electrical line
• Bandwidth B(=FH-FL) is proportional to transmission cost
• Guard band: transient part to guarantee that no signal generates out of given
bandwidth

256 256
 4. Wireless Transmission
System
• (Geo-synchronous) orbit satellite
– Satellite whose position remains fixed according to the equator
• 22,300 miles high from the ground (1 mile = about 1.609 km)
• Moves with the speed of 6,900 mile/h
• A geo-synchronous satellite covers 30% of the surface of the earth
• Microwave system
– Direct line of sight transmission
– 30-50km apart, 2-40GHz
– For wide-band transmission and radar
• Infra-red transmission system
– Using directed infra-red signal
– 1 mile distance at maximum
– High data transfer rate with relatively low cost
• Cellular radio system
• Wireless LAN
257 257
 Fundamentals of Cellular
Systems

258
 Introduction
• Target: mobile system be efficient in the use of
limited spectrum bandwidth
• Generals
– Mobile cellular components in early cellular systems
• Mobile station, base station, switch station
– Wireless signal characteristics
• Multipath and its prevention
– Cell design issues
• Wireless signal distortion
• Shapes: cell reuse
• Evolution of cells: cell splitting, cell sectoring
– Roaming and handoff
259 259
 1. Early Cell System
• Non-trunk radio system
– Does not use multiplexing scheme
• Each radio channel is fixed to a specific user or a group of
users
• Trunk radio system
– (synchronous or asynchronous) multiplexing scheme
– Channels are shared and available to all users
– Advantage: increased efficiency of spectrum usage
– Disadvantage: more complex architecture required

260 260
 1. Early Cell System
• Trunk radio system (AMPS)
– BTS (base station): controls the air interface between
the mobile station and MTSO
– Mobile station: having frequency-agile machine that
allows to change to a particular frequency designated
for its use by the MTSO
– MTSO: responsible for switching the calls to the cells
providing
• Interfacing with telephone network and backup
• Monitoring traffic
• Performing testing and diagnostics, network management
functions
261 261
 3. Cell Design Issues
• Frequency reuse = D/R
– D: the shortest distance between two cells that use
the same frequency
– R: radius of cells
– N: reuse pattern = number of different frequencies in
a cluster
– D / R  3N
• For 7-cell group that has 3-mile radius cells, D  13.74 miles
• For 7-cell group that has 2-mile radius cells, D  9.16 miles

262 262
 3. Cell Design Issues
• Transmission interference
– Adjacent channel interference
• Several frequency bands are effective in a cell
• Interference between two adjacent frequency bands
– Co-channel interference
• Interference between signals of the same frequencies
generated from or to the different base station
– Co-channel interference reduction factor (q)
• q=D/R

263 263
 3. Cell Design Issues
• Density of mobile node/cells
– Mobile terminal is not equally distributed
– Increase of subscribers
– Required cell splitting
• Cell splitting
– To increase cell capacity
– Install cells in half (a little bit larger than half) the length of
current ones
• New cell area = ¼ * old cell area
• New cell capacity = old cell capacity
• Maximum density of subscribers in the new system = 4 * maximum
density of subscribers in the old system
– With reduced power of transmission signal in both mobile and
base station
264 264
 3. Cell Design Issues
• Cell sectoring
– Use 3 directional antennas instead of a non-
directional antenna

265 265
 4. Basic Operation of Cellular Call
• Initialization of mobile system
– Power on: Power is turned off and then turned on in a mobile
station
– Scanning: It begins to scan the paging channels
• The unit monitors for signals broadcast to mobile stations
– Tuning: It chooses the strongest(best) signal and locks on it
– Registering: It registers its whereabouts to the mobile network
– Listening: It keeps on listening to the ongoing control messages
from base station
• Making a call
– A user completes to keys in telephone number
– The unit finds and selects an available frequency
– The unit sends a call request message containing the phone
number
– The MTSO receives the message and tries to establish call
connection to reach to another MTSO, normal public switched
telephone network, or another mobile network
266 266
 4. Basic Operation of Cellular Call
(Contd…)
• Receiving a call (in AMPS)
– While the mobile unit listening to the page channel, it receives a page
which informs that a call is tried to itself
– MTSO chooses an available channel and orders the mobile unit to use
the indicated channel
– Mobile station tunes to the directed channel and accepts the call
• Roaming and handoff
– A mobile station moves through a geographical region while talking on
the phone
– MSTO notices that the current signal is not good enough to maintain,
and decides to initiated handoff procedure
– MTSO seeks which cell(base station) has the strongest signal among
cells that afford to give channels
– MTSO provides the roaming mobile station with a new channel through
the chosen cells
– MTSO releases the old channel for other uses
267 267
 GSM Network

268
 Contents

• GSM-Introduction
• Architecture
• Technical Specifications
• Security
• Characteristics and features
• Applications

269 269
 What is GSM

Global System for Mobile (GSM)

is a second generation cellular
standard developed to cater voice
services and data delivery using
digital modulation

270
 GSM: History
• Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of
CEPT ( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile
group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.

271 271
 GSM in the World
Figures: March, 2005 Arab World

3% Asia Pacific
3%
3% Africa
3% (INDIA)
East Central Asia
4% 37% Europe
Russia
43% 4% India
1%
North America
South America

272 272
 GSM Services

• Tele-services
• Bearer or Data Services
• Supplementary services

273
 Tele Services

• Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

via mobile phones
• Offered services
- Mobile telephony
- Emergency calling

274 274
 Bearer Services
• Include various data services for information transfer
between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc
at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
• Short Message Service (SMS)
–up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission
to/from the mobile terminal
• Unified Messaging Services(UMS)
• Group 3 fax
• Voice mailbox
• Electronic mail

275 275
 Supplementary Services

Call related services :

• Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the
handset
• Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
• Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
• Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by
the user
• Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
• CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
• CLIR – Caller line identification restriction
• 276
CUG – Closed user group 276
 GSM System Architecture PSTN
ISDN
BSC PDN
MS BTS
MSC
GMSC

BTS BSC
VLR
MS
BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
277 277
 GSM System Architecture-I
• Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

278 278
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

279 279
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment

• Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device

• Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
• Voice and data transmission
• Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding
cells for optimum handover
• Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
• 160 character long SMS.

280 280
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS) contd.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

• Smart card contains the International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
• Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
• Protected by a password or PIN
• Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key
information to activate the phone

281 281
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that

communicate across the standardized Abis interface
allowing operation between components made by
different suppliers

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)

282 282
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

• Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds

the RF signals to the antenna.
• Frequency hopping
• Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
• Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

283 283
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

• Manages Radio resources for BTS

• Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area
• Handles call set up
• Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
• Handover for each MS
• Radio Power control
• It communicates with MSC and BTS

284 284
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

• Heart of the network

• Manages communication between GSM and other networks
• Call setup function and basic switching
• Call routing
• Billing information and collection
• Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
• MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other
network by using HLR/VLR.
285 285
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
• Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service

area(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,supplementary services.

• Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,

by HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key
286 286
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
• Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air interface
- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides
security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR

• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List
and the Gray List
- Only one EIR per PLMN

287 287
 GSM Specifications-1

• RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz

GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz

288 288
 GSM Specification-II

• Carrier Separation : 200 Khz

• Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz
• No. of RF carriers : 124
• Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
• Modulation Method : GMSK
• Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps

289 289
 GSM Operation
Speech Speech

Speech coding Speech decoding

13 Kbps
Channel Coding Channel decoding

22.8 Kbps
Interleaving De-interleaving
22.8 Kbps

Burst Formatting Burst Formatting

33.6 Kbps

Ciphering De-ciphering
33.6 Kbps
Radio Interface
Modulation
270.83 Kbps
Demodulation
290 290
 Call Routing
• Call Originating from MS
• Call termination to MS

291 291
 Security in GSM
• On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead
of IMSI.
• SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of
SIM
• 3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation

292 292
 Characteristics of GSM Standard
• Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band .
• TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.
• 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
• User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
• Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio path.
• Full international roaming capability.
• Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
• Compatibility with ISDN.
• Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

293 293
 Advantages of GSM over Analog system
• Capacity increases
• Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
• International roaming capability.
• Better security against fraud (through terminal validation
and user authentication).
• Encryption capability for information security and privacy.
• Compatibility with ISDN,leading to wider range of
services

294 294
 GSM Applications
• Mobile telephony
• GSM-R
• Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
• Value Added Services

295 295
 Future of GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

 HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
 Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps

296 296