FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

TOPICS COVERED

- Introduction to FAS
- Components of FAS
- Components of FACP
- Design considerations for FA system w.r.t. interiors
- Field components, panel components
- FAS architecture
- FAS looping, classification, fire standard
- FAS design procedure NFPA 72A, BS 5839
- IS concept of IP enabled FAS and design aspects
- Components of PA system
 WHAT IS FIRE ALARM SYSTEM?

A fire alarm system is a network of interconnected devices designed to detect and alert people to
the presence of smoke, fire, or other emergencies within a building or structure.
The primary purpose of a fire alarm system is to provide early warning and prompt evacuation,
helping to minimize property damage and ensure the safety of occupants.
 NEED FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

A fire alarm system is a critical component of building safety and security, serving various purposes
that contribute to the well-being of occupants and the protection of property. Here are key aspects
highlighting the need for a fire alarm system:

1. SAFETY AND ALERT

- Early detection and notification for occupant protection
- Plan exits and evacuation
- Rapid response to minimize property damage.

2. COMPLIANCE
- Regulatory standards to protect occupant
- Avoid legal liabilities for building owners and operators.

3. SPACE PLANNING
- Placement and planning for FAS for effective coverage and minimize blind spots
- Minimize travel distance of emergency escape routes

4. SEAMLESS INTEGRATION
- Integration with BMS to coordinate response in emergencies.
- Integration with emergency services. Notification is automatically sent to fire department for
efficient handling of emergency situations.
 COMPONENTS OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

1. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL

2. INITIATION/DETECTION DEVICES- smoke detectors, heat detectors, multi-sensor detectors, MCP etc.
3. WARNING DEVICE- audible and visual alarm (bell, siren, hooter, strobe lights, response indicator
etc.)
4. OTHER DEVICES- ventilator fan, control device, and audio device
 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL
It is a crucial component of a fire alarm system and serves as the central hub that monitors and
controls various fire detection devices within a building.

Primary functions include:

1. Monitoring Detectors and Devices installed throughout the building.

2. Activate alarm when fire detection device is triggered.

3. Alert building occupants, emergency responders and central monitoring station about the
presence of a fire.

4. FAS are divided into zones, each representing a specific area or group of detectors. The FACP
can identify the zone in which the alarm was triggered, helping to pinpoint the location of the
potential fire.
5. It can monitor and detect issues such as detector malfunctions, wiring problems, or low battery
levels and generate trouble signals to alert maintenance team.

6. FACP may be integrated with other building management systems, such as HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) and access control systems, to enhance overall safety and
response capabilities.

COMPONENTS OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

 PANEL COMPONENTS- FAS
It is a crucial component of a fire alarm system and serves as the central hub that monitors and
controls various fire detection devices within a building.

Key components of fire alarm system include:

1. Control Panel Enclosure: Outer housing that protects the internal components.
2. Processor/CPU: Process information from connected devices and make decision based on
programme.
3. Power Supply: Provide electrical power to control panel and connected devices.
4. User interface: Display and control for system monitoring and programming.
5. Annunciator panel: Provide information about fire zone.
6. Input devices: detection devices
7. Output devices: warning devices
8. Communication module: Enables communication with external systems, monitoring services,
or emergency services. This includes telephone dialers, network interfaces, or radio
communication modules.
9. Battery backup: Batteries that provide power to the control panel and essential components in
case of a power failure.
10. Control logic: Algorithm for sensory output.

COMPONENTS OF FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL

 DETECTION DEVICES (FIELD COMPONENTS)

These devices are designed to detect and alert individuals to the presence of fire or smoke in a
specific area. They play a crucial role in fire safety, providing early warnings that can help prevent
injuries, loss of life, and property damage.
Common categories include:

1. Smoke Detectors
 Help in detecting presence of smoke particles in air
 Application- residential and commercial

2. Heat Detectors
 Trigger an alarm when ambient temperature reaches a specific predetermined threshold.
 Application- kitchen areas

3. Flame Detectors
 Detect the presence of flames or specific wavelengths of light associated with fire.
 Application- Industrial setting like chemical plants and oil refineries

4. Gas detectors
 Identifies potential gas leakages
 Application- Commercial kitchen, Laboratories, industrial plants

5. Multi-sensor detectors
 Use the combination of smoke, heat or carbon monoxide

COMPONENTS OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

 WARNING DEVICES (FIELD COMPONENTS)
Fire alarm systems use various warning devices to alert occupants of a building in the event of a fire or
other emergencies. These devices are crucial for ensuring that people are promptly notified and can
evacuate safely.
Common warning devices include:

1. Audible Alarms:
Sirens/ bells produce a high-pitched sound that can be heard throughout a building. They are
effective in alerting people to a potential fire.
2. Visual Alarms:
Strobe Lights are intense flashing lights are designed to catch the attention of individuals who may
have hearing impairments or are in noisy environments where audible alarms may not be effective.
3. Voice Evacuation Systems:
These systems use prerecorded or live voice messages to provide clear instructions to building
occupants. They are particularly useful in large and complex buildings.
4. Smoke Detectors with Voice Alerts:
Some modern smoke detectors have integrated voice alerts, providing both an audible alarm and a
spoken message to alert occupants.
5. Fire Alarm Annunciator Panel:
This panel displays information about the location of a fire/fire zone and provides essential details
for building occupants and emergency responders.
6. Remote Notification Devices:
Devices such as pagers, text messaging systems, or mobile apps can provide remote notifications to
building managers or emergency services.
7. Manual Pull Stations:
Located at various points throughout a building, they allow individuals to manually activate the fire
alarm system.

COMPONENTS OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

1. Accessibility and Visibility:

Placement of Devices: Ensure fire alarm devices are

strategically placed for maximum coverage and
accessibility. Consider the location of doors, exits, and
high-traffic areas.

Height Considerations: Install devices at a height that

ensures visibility for individuals with varying abilities,
including those who use mobility aids or have limited
reach.

FAS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2. Interior Aesthetics:

Aesthetic Integration: Choose devices that blend with the interior design to avoid visual
disruption while maintaining a cohesive look.

Customization: Opt for customizable options to match the color scheme or design of the
space.

3. Environmental Conditions:

Temperature and Humidity: Select devices that can withstand the environmental
conditions of the space, considering factors like temperature, humidity, and potential exposure
to water.

Dust and Particles: Ensure devices are resistant to dust and other particles that may affect
their performance.

4. Redundancy and Reliability:

Backup Power: Include backup power sources to ensure the system remains operational
during power outages.

Redundant Systems: Incorporate redundancy in critical components to minimize the risk

of system failure.

FAS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5. Compliance with Regulations:

Local Codes and Standards: Ensure the design complies with local fire safety codes and
standards.

ADA Compliance: Design the system to meet accessibility requirements outlined in the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

6. Future Application and Flexibility:

Scalability: Design a system that can be easily expanded or modified to accommodate

changes in the interior space.

Compatibility: Choose devices and technologies that are compatible with future upgrades
or advancements in fire alarm systems.

7. Emergency Response and Coordination:

Integration with Other Systems: Integrate the fire alarm system with other emergency
systems (e.g., security systems) for a coordinated response.

Communication Systems: Include features that facilitate communication with emergency

services and building occupants.

FAS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

8. Maintenance and Testing:

Ease of Maintenance: Design the system to be easily maintainable and allow for efficient
testing and troubleshooting.

Remote Monitoring: Implement remote monitoring capabilities to enable proactive system

management and diagnostics.

9. Training and Education:

User-Friendly Interface: Create a user-friendly interface for training staff and educating
occupants on emergency procedures.

Clear Instructions: Ensure alarms and notifications provide clear and understandable
instructions for evacuation.

FAS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 TYPES OF FAS ARCHITECTURE

Fire Alarm System (FAS) architectures can vary based on the size and complexity of the building, the
desired level of integration with other systems, and specific safety requirements. Here are common
types of FAS architectures:

1. Conventional Fire Alarm System:

In this system, the building is divided into zones, and each zone is connected to a specific circuit on
the control panel. Detectors and devices within a zone share the same circuit.
1. Advantages: Cost-effective for smaller buildings, simple to install.
2. Limitations: Limited ability to pinpoint the exact location of an alarm within a zone.

2. Addressable Fire Alarm System:

This systems allow each detector, call point, or module to have a unique address on the control
panel. This provides specific information about the device's location in the building.
3. Advantages: Pinpointing the exact location of a fire, easy system expansion, and
troubleshooting.
4. Limitations: Generally more expensive than conventional systems.

FAS ARCHITECTURE
TYPES OF FAS ARCHITECTURE

FAS ARCHITECTURE
 TYPES OF FAS ARCHITECTURE

3. Wired Fire Alarm System:

 Traditional Approach: Wired fire alarm systems have been the standard for many years. They
consist of a network of interconnected devices such as smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual
call points, and control panels. These devices are hardwired using cables, typically twisted pair or
fire-resistant cables.
 Reliability: Wired systems are known for their reliability. Physical connections provide stable
communication between devices and the control panel, minimizing the risk of signal interference
or loss.
 Installation: Installing wired systems requires running cables throughout the building, which can
be time-consuming and disruptive, especially in existing structures. However, for new
constructions or major renovations, wiring can be integrated into the building design more easily.
 Scalability: Adding or relocating devices in a wired system may require additional wiring, which
can be costly and labor-intensive. Planning for expansion during the initial installation phase is
crucial.
 Maintenance: Wired systems generally require less maintenance once installed. However,
troubleshooting faults or issues may involve physically inspecting cables and connections, which
can be time-consuming.

FAS ARCHITECTURE
 TYPES OF FAS ARCHITECTURE

4. Wireless Fire Alarm System:

 Modern Alternative: Wireless fire alarm systems have gained popularity due to advancements in
technology. Instead of physical cables, these systems use radio frequency (RF) communication
between devices and the control panel.
 Flexibility: Wireless systems offer greater flexibility in installation, as devices can be easily placed
or relocated without the need for extensive wiring. This makes them ideal for retrofitting older
buildings or temporary installations.
 Installation: Installing wireless systems is typically faster and less disruptive compared to wired
systems since there's no need to run cables through walls or ceilings. However, careful planning
of device placement and RF signal strength is necessary to ensure reliable communication.
 Reliability: While wireless technology has improved, there can still be challenges related to
signal interference or range limitations, especially in large or densely constructed buildings.
Proper system design and equipment selection are essential to mitigate these issues.
 Battery Life: Wireless devices are powered by batteries, which need to be regularly monitored
and replaced to ensure uninterrupted operation. Battery life can vary depending on usage and
environmental factors.
 Maintenance: Wireless systems may require more frequent maintenance compared to wired
systems, particularly for battery replacement and periodic testing of RF signal strength and
device communication.

FAS ARCHITECTURE
 IP enabled FAS- concept

An IP-enabled FAS refers to a system that utilizes Internet Protocol (IP) networks for communication and data
transmission. This type of system leverages network technology to connect various components of the fire
alarm system, offering benefits in terms of flexibility, scalability, and integration with other IP-based systems.

1. Network Communication and infrastructure

2. Addressability and Integration

3. Centralized Monitoring and Control

4. Remote Monitoring and Diagnostics

5. Data Security

6. Scalability

7. Compatibility with Existing Systems

IP- ENABLED FAS

 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

•The smooth ceiling 30-foot spacing guideline of NFPA 72, with permitted increases for narrow space
geometry, allows smoke detectors to extend to approximately 41 feet on-center and along a corridor.

•Standard 900-square-foot smoke detector spacing is adequate for waffle or pan type ceilings up to 24 feet
in height and for beams up to 24 inches in depth that are spaced no greater than 12 feet on center.

•Smoke alarms installed in the basement should be installed on the ceiling at the bottom of the stairs
leading to the next level.

•Smoke alarms should be installed at least 10 feet from a cooking appliance to minimize false alarms.

•Wall-mounted alarms should be installed not more than 12 inches away from the ceiling (to the top of the
alarm).

•Don't install smoke alarms near windows, doors, or ducts where drafts might interfere with their operation.

•Never paint smoke alarms. Paint, stickers, or other decorations could keep the alarms from working.

•For the best protection, interconnect all smoke alarms. When one smoke alarm sounds they all sound.
Interconnection can be done using hard-wiring or wireless technology.

•When interconnected smoke alarms are installed, it is important that all of the alarms are from the same
manufacturer. If the alarms are not compatible, they may not sound.

FAS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 AREAS OF APPLICATION AND DISTANCES FOR FAS

 Smoke Detectors:
1. Location: Smoke detectors should be installed where smoke from a fire is likely to first be detected, such
as corridors, stairwells, lobbies, and rooms where electrical equipment or appliances are present.
2. Distance: Install smoke detectors on the ceiling, as smoke rises. The recommended spacing between
detectors varies depending on factors such as ceiling height and airflow patterns, but a common guideline
is to place detectors no more than 30 feet apart in open areas and closer in areas with obstructions or
airflow interruptions.

 Heat Detectors:
1. Location: Heat detectors are suitable for areas where smoke detectors may not be appropriate due to the
presence of dust, fumes, or high humidity, such as kitchens, garages, boiler rooms, and warehouses.
2. Distance: Heat detectors should be spaced according to manufacturer recommendations, typically around
30 feet apart. Placement should consider the expected temperature gradients within the space and
potential heat sources.

 Manual Call Points (Pull Stations):

1. Location: Manual call points should be easily accessible and located along exit routes, such as corridors
and stairwells, near exits, and at building entrances. They should also be visible and identifiable with
proper signage.
2. Distance: Install manual call points at a height of 42 to 48 inches above the finished floor level to ensure
accessibility for all occupants. The distance between call points depends on the size and layout of the
building but generally should not exceed 200 feet along the travel path.
 Audible and Visual Notification Devices:
1. Location: Audible and visual notification devices, such as horns, strobes, or bells, should be strategically
placed throughout the building to ensure adequate coverage. They should be located in common areas,
corridors, stairwells, and individual rooms or spaces.
2. Distance: The placement of notification devices depends on factors such as the size and layout of the
building, ambient noise levels, and the required coverage area. Generally, notification devices should be
spaced no more than 100 feet apart in open areas and closer together in smaller or enclosed spaces.

 Control Panel:
1. Location: The fire alarm control panel (FACP) should be installed in a secure and accessible location,
typically near building entrances, in a control room, or in a designated fire command center.
It should be easily accessible for authorized personnel and protected from environmental hazards.
2. Distance: The control panel should be located within 200 feet of the furthest detector or notification
device to ensure efficient communication and response. It should also be positioned at a
height suitable for operation and maintenance.

 Monitoring and Annunciator Panels:

1. Location: Monitoring and annunciator panels, which provide visual and audible indication of system status
and alarms, should be located in areas where they can be easily monitored by building staff or emergency
responders, such as control rooms or building entrances.
2. Distance: These panels should be located within sight and sound of the control panel and strategically placed
to provide clear indication of system status and alarm activation.

 Remote Annunciators:
1. Location: Remote annunciators are additional control panels or display units located in secondary locations
within the building, providing local indication of system status and alarms. They should be placed in areas
where they can be easily seen and accessed by building occupants or emergency responders.
2. Distance: Remote annunciators should be located within sight and sound of the main control panel, typically
within 200 to 300 feet, to ensure effective communication and coordination during emergency situations.