Scribd
Upload
25 views

Chapter 6 - Bandwidth Utilization

Uploaded by

daskartik0545
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Chapter 6 - Bandwidth Utilization

Uploaded by

daskartik0545
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Part II.

Physical Layer and


Media

Chapter 6. Bandwidth Utilization:


Multiplexing

COMP 3270 Computer Networks


Computing Science
Thompson Rivers University
Learning Objectives
 Use of Frequency-Division Multiplexing to transfer multiple channels.
 Use of Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing to transfer multiple
channels, with or without synchronization bit.
 Use of Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing to transfer multiple
channels, when the inputs have different transmission rates.
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve specific goals for
multiple data channels.

Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing;


1. MULTIPLEXING
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is
greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be
shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data
link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does
traffic.

Topics discussed in this section:


• Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Dividing a link into channels

☺ Examples?
- Protocol stack
- T1 line
- Wireless communications, including cell phones
- Telephone line for voice and ADSL services,
Categories of multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Different frequency bands
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that
combines analog signals.
FDM process

??? Different frequency bands


FDM demultiplexing example

???
Example:
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We
need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of
12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the configuration, using the
frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.

Solution:
Not time difference
Example:
5 channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed
together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a
need for a guard band of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent
interference?

Solution:
Example:
4 data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a
satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration,
using FDM.

Solution:

How much bandwidth can each channel use?


What is transmission rate of each channel?
What kind of modulation can be used? n-QAM?
Bandwidth, not carrier signals

The minimum required bandwidth of QAM


is equal to …
Example:
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The
first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for sending, and 869 to 894
MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in
each direction. How many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?

Solution:
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we get
833.33. In reality,
•the band is divided into 832 channels.
•Of these, 42 channels are used for control,
•which means only 790 channels are available for cellular phone
users.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)

Conceptually equal to FDM

Not time difference

Optical fiber
Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and
demultiplexing
Up to now

 Multiplexing
 FDM
 ☺ Advantage?
 Simple
 ☺ Disadvantage?
 Inefficient
 Possible idle channels
 WDM

 TDM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
One logical channel

frame

One frequency band is used for all the data channels.


TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for
combining several low-rate channels into one
high-rate one.
Synchronous time-division multiplexing

The data rate can be smaller


than the sum of all the input
rates. True or false?

Is the frame rate equal to the


data rate of an input channel?
empty

Each frame duration is 3T.

How much is the data rate of


the output link faster than the
data rate of an input channel?
In synchronous TDM, the data rate
of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration
is n times shorter.
Example:
Four 1 Mbps inputs and one data stream for the output. The unit of data is 1
bit. Find (a) the output frame rate, and (b) the output bit rate.

Solution:
Example:
4 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find the
transmission rate of the link.

Solution:
Example:
4 channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 800 bps and
we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the
size of the frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link.

Solution:
Example:
A multiplexer combines 4 100-Kbps channels using a time slot of 2 bits.
Show the output with 4 arbitrary inputs. What is the frame rate? What is
the bit rate?

Solution:
☺ What if input data rates are different?
Frame Synchronizing

For framing, synchronization between the multiplexer


and demultiplexer is a major issue.
Framing bits
Example:
We have 4 sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the
interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each
frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (3) the frame rate, (5) the
number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link.

A frame of length 4B + 1b

Solution:
Example:
2 channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200
Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate?
What is the bit rate of the link?

A frame of length 3b

Solution:
T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines

☺ Data unit: 8 bits, 1 synchronization bit => frame rate, bit rate, …?
T-1 frame structure
Multiplexing and inverse multiplexing

☺ Example?
- data communication of telephone networks
- ADSL
- OFDM

You might also like