Scribd
Upload
12 views

WEEK 6 (Autosaved)

The document discusses programming fundamentals including program flow, decision structures, and if/else statements. It explains how programs can follow different paths using if/else statements and decision making. Nested if statements allow for multiple conditions to be checked.

Uploaded by

221090
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

WEEK 6 (Autosaved)

The document discusses programming fundamentals including program flow, decision structures, and if/else statements. It explains how programs can follow different paths using if/else statements and decision making. Nested if statements allow for multiple conditions to be checked.

Uploaded by

221090
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

Programming

Fundamentals

1
PROGRAM AS A SEQUENCE OF STEPS
 You might think of the statements in a
procedural program as individual steps taken as
you are walking down a road.

 To reach the destination, you must start at the


beginning and take each step, one after the other,
until you reach the destination.

 The programs you have written so far are like a


“path” of execution for the program to follow
PROGRAM AS A SEQUENCE OF
STEPS
PROGRAM AS A SEQUENCE OF STEPS
 The type of code in Figure 4-1 is called a sequence
structure because the statements are executed in
sequence, without branching off in another direction.
 i.e. there exists only path of instructions execution to follow

 Programs often need more than one path of execution,


however.

 Many algorithms require a program to execute some


statements only under certain circumstances.

 This can be accomplished with a decision structure.


DECISION STRUCTURE
 In a decision structure’s simplest form, a specific action
is taken only when a specific condition exists.

 If the condition does not exist, the action is not


performed.

 Flowchart in Figure 4-2 shows the logic of a decision


structure.
FLOWCHART FOR EVALUATING A
DECISION
 if the condition is true, the program
flow follows one path, which leads
to an action being performed.

 If the answer to the question is no


(or the condition is false), the
program flow follows another path,
which skips the action.
FLOWCHART FOR EVALUATING A
DECISION
SOME EXAMPLE DECISION STRUCTURE
 If the car is low on fuel, stop at a service station and get
fuel.
 If it’s raining outside, go inside.

 If you’re hungry, get something to eat.

 One way to code a decision structure in C++ is with the


if statement
THE IF STATEMENT
 Allows statements to be conditionally executed or
skipped over

 Models the way we mentally evaluate situations:


 "If it is raining, take an umbrella."
 "If it is cold outside, wear a coat."
THE IF STATEMENT
THE IF STATEMENT
 General Format:

if (expression)
statement;
THE IF STATEMENT-WHAT HAPPENS
To evaluate:
if (expression)
statement;
 If the expression is true, then statement is
executed.
 If the expression is false, then statement is
skipped.
IF STATEMENT IN PROGRAM 4-2

Continued…
IF STATEMENT IN PROGRAM 4-2
FLOWCHART FOR PROGRAM 4-2 LINES
21 AND 22
IF STATEMENT EXAMPLES
IF STATEMENT NOTES
 Semicolons do not mark the end of a line, but the end of
a complete C++ statement.

 The if statement isn’t complete without the conditionally


executed statement that comes after it.
if (expression)
statement;
IF STATEMENT NOTES
 Do not place ; after (expression)
 If you put ; after the if part, the
compiler will assume you are placing a
null statement there.
 The null statement is an empty
statement that does nothing.
 This will prematurely terminate the if
statement, which disconnects it from
the statement that follows it.
PROGRAMMING STYLE AND THE IF
STATEMENT
 Even though if statements usually span more than one
line, they are technically one long statement.
if (a >= 100)
cout << "The number is out of range.\n";

if (a >= 100) cout << "The number is out of


range.\n";

 Compiler considers the if part and the cout


statement as one unit, with a semicolon properly
placed at the end.
PROGRAMMING STYLE AND THE IF
STATEMENT
 Indention and spacing are for the human readers of a
program, not the compiler.
 Here are two important style rules you should adopt for
writing if statements:

1. Place statement; on a separate line


2. The statement; should be indented one “level” from
the if statement
COMPARING FLOATING-POINT
NUMBERS IN IF STATMENT
 To prevent round-off errors from causing error, you
should stick with
> (greater-than)
< ( less-than )
NOW BACK TO TRUTH
 Here is a summary of the rules you have seen so
far:
 When a relational expression is
 true it has the value 1.
 false it has the value 0.

 For the if statement


 Any expression that has the value 0 is considered
false
 Any expression that has any value other than 0 is
considered true
MULTIPLE ACTIONS IN DECISION
STRUCTURE
EXPANDING THE IF STATEMENT
 To execute more than one statement as part of an
if statement, enclose them in { }:

if ( expression)
{
statement;
statement;
// Place as many statements here as
necessary.


EXPANDING THE IF STATEMENT
 To execute more than one statement as part of an
if statement, enclose them in { }:
if (score > 90)
{
grade = 'A';
cout << "Good Job!\n";
}

 { } creates a block of code


DON’T FORGET THE BRACES!
THE IF/ELSE STATEMENT
 The if/else statement will execute one group of
statements if the expression is true, or another group of
statements if the expression is false.

 Provides two possible paths of execution


THE IF/ELSE STATEMENT
 General Format:

if (expression)
statement1; // or block
else
statement2; // or block
IF/ELSE-WHAT HAPPENS
To evaluate:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;

 Ifthe expression is true, then


statement1 is executed and statement2 is
skipped.

 Ifthe expression is false, then


statement1 is skipped and statement2 is
executed.
THE IF/ELSE STATEMENT AND
MODULUS OPERATOR IN PROGRAM 4-8
FLOWCHART FOR PROGRAM 4-8 LINES
14 THROUGH 18
TESTING THE DIVISOR IN PROGRAM 4-9

Continued…
EXERCISES
NOW BACK TO TRUTH
 For example, the following is a legal if statement in C+
+:
if (value)
cout << "It is True!";

if (x + y)
cout << "It is True!";

if (pow(a, b))
cout << "It is True!";
NESTED CONDITION CHECKING
 Sometimes an if statement must be nested inside another if
statement. See following case study
NESTED CONDITION CHECKING
NESTED IF STATEMENTS
 From Program 4-10
NESTED IF STATEMENTS
 An if statement that is nested inside another if
statement

 Nested if statements can be used to test more than one


condition
NESTED IF STATEMENTS
 Another example, from Program 4-1
PROGRAMMING STYLE AND NESTED
DECISION STRUCTURES
 For readability and easier debugging, it’s important to
use proper alignment and indentation in a set of nested if
statements.

 This makes it easier to see which actions are performed


by each part of the decision structure.
PROGRAMMING STYLE AND NESTED
DECISION STRUCTURES
USE PROPER INDENTATION!

You might also like