DATA PRESENTATION,

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
MIXED METHODS
DR. V. S. NYATHI
 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYAIA AND
INTERPRETATION
🠶Qualitative research is a
scientific method of observation to gather
non-numerical data
🠶It refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and
description of things and not to their "counts or
measures".
🠶It answers why and how a certain
phenomenon may occur rather than how often
 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYAIA AND
INTERPRETATION

🠶 Qualitative data is one that are related to concepts, opinions, values

and behaviours of people in a social context.
🠶 It is that data that are not easily reduced to numbers
🠶 Be true to the participants. It is their voices that the researcher
is trying to hear, so that they can be interpreted and reported
on for others to read and learn from.
 Types of Qualitative Data
🠶Structured text (writings, stories, survey comments,
news articles, books etc).
🠶Unstructured text (transcription, interviews, conversation
etc).
🠶Audio recordings and music.
🠶Video recordings (graphics, art, pictures, visuals).
 APPROACHES IN QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
🠶 Deductive Approach
🠶 Using your research questions to group the data and then look for similarities and
differences.
🠶 Used when time and resources are limited.
🠶 Used when qualitative research is a smaller component of a larger quantitative study
🠶 Inductive Approach
🠶 Used when qualitative research is a major design of the inquiry.
🠶 Using emergent framework to group the data and then look for relationships.
 Common Terms Used in Qualitative Data Analysis
1. Theory
🠶 A set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that presents a
systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables.
2 Themes
categorical ideas that emerge from grouping of lower-level data points
3. Characteristic
a single item or event in a text, similar to an individual response to a variable or
indicator in a quantitative research. It is the smallest unit of analysis .
 Common Terms Used in Qualitative Data Analysis
4. Coding
the process of attaching labels to lines of text so that the researcher
can group and compare similar or related pieces of information.
5. Coding sorts
compilation of similarly coded blocks of text from different sources
in to a single file or report. 
6. Indexing
process that generates a word list comprising all the substantive
words and their location within the texts entered in to program.
 Types of Qualitative Analysis
🠶 1) Content analysis 2) Narrative analysis 3) Discourse analysis 4) Framework analysis
5) Grounded theory

🠶 1) Content Analysis: Content analysis is the procedure for the categorization

of verbal or behavioural data for the purpose of classification, summarization and
tabulation. Content analysis can be done on two levels: Descriptive: What is the data?
Interpretative: what was meant by the data?

🠶 2) Narrative Analysis Narratives are transcribed experiences. Every

interview/observation has narrative aspect. The researcher has to sort-out and reflect up
on them, enhance them and present them in a revised shape to the reader. The core
activity in narrative analysis is to reformulate stories presented by people in different
contexts and based on their different experiences.
 Types of Qualitative Analysis
🠶3. Discourse Analysis
🠶 This is a method of analyzing a naturally occurring talk (spoken
interaction) and all types of written texts.
🠶 It focuses on how people express themselves verbally in their everyday
social life i.e. how language is used in everyday situations?
🠶a) in a simple and straightforward way
🠶b) vaguely and indirectly
🠶c) Analyst must refer to the context when interpreting the message because
the same phenomenon can be described in a number of different ways
depending on context .
 Types of Qualitative Analysis
🠶 4. Framework Analysis
🠶 Familiarization: Transcribing & reading the data
🠶 Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding framework which is
developed both from a priori issues and from emergent issues
🠶Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to identify specific piece of
data which correspond to different themes
🠶Charting: Charts created using headings from thematic framework.
🠶Mapping and interpretation: Searching for patterns,
associations, concepts and explanations in the data
 Types of Qualitative Analysis
🠶 5. Grounded Theory:
🠶 It starts with an examination of a single case from a ‘pre-defined’ population in order to
formulate a general statement (concept or a hypothesis) about a population.
🠶 Afterwards another case is looked at to see whether the hypothesis fits the statement.
🠶 If it does, a further case is selected but if it doesn’t fit there are two options: Either the
statement is changed to fit both cases or the definition of the population is changed in such
a way that the case is no longer a member of the newly defined population.
🠶 Then another case is selected and the process continues in order to arrive at a statement
that fits all cases of a population-as-defined.
🠶 This method is only for limited set of analytic problems: those that can be solved with
some general overall statement .
 The Process or Steps of Qualitative
Data Analysis
🠶1. Organize the data
🠶2. Identify framework
🠶3. Sort data into framework
🠶4. Use the framework for descriptive analysis
🠶5. Second order analysis
 AUDIO RECORDINGS
• All audio recordings should be transcribed verbatim, regardless of
how intelligible the transcript may be when it is read back.
• Lines of text should be numbered.
• Once the transcription is complete, the researcher should read it
while listening to the recording and:
• correct any spelling or other errors;
• anonymize the transcript so that the participant cannot be identified
from anything that is said (e.g., names, places, significant events);
• insert notations for pauses, laughter, looks of discomfort; insert
any punctuation, such as commas and full stops (periods) and
• include any other contextual information that might have affected
the participant (e.g., temperature or comfort of the room).
 Theming
🠶Theming is the drawing together of codes from one or more
transcripts for qualitative research findings presentations.
🠶For example, participants’ narratives how they were treated in
the classroom, e. g.“shouted at by the teacher” or “beaten by
prefects
🠶These may be drawn together as a theme under the heading
“the Learner’s experience in the classroom”
🠶this process makes it possible to present the data from the
interviews using quotations from the individual transcripts to
illustrate the source of the researchers’ interpretations.
🠶Each theme can be used as heading of a section in the report.
 Coding
Coding refers to the identification of topics, issues, similarities, and
differences in participants’ narratives and interpreted by the researcher.
🠶 Coding begins after transcribing and checking of the research
interviews.
🠶 Field notes are used
🠶 Coding help the researcher to understand the world from each
participant’s viewpoint.
🠶 Coding can be done by:-
🠶 hand on a hard copy of the transcript,
🠶by making notes in the margin or
🠶by highlighting and
🠶 naming sections of text.
 Organize the Data
🠶1. Transcribe the data (you can use
hyperTRANSCRBE software).
🠶2. Translate the data (You can use language translation
software like SYSTRAN).
🠶3. Data cleaning.
🠶 4. Label the data (Structuring & Familiarizing).
 Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis

🠶There are computer programs designed for qualitative

data which assisits in speeding up the analysis process.
🠶These make it easier for researchers to experiment with
different codes, test different hypotheses about
relationships, and facilitate diagrams of emerging
theories and preparation of research reports (Coffey &
Atkinson 1996; Richards & Richards 1994).
 REFERENCES
Austin Z, Sutton J. Qualitative research: getting started. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2014;67(6):436–40.
Creswell, J. W, (2003). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd Ed).
London: SAGE Publications
Wolcott, H. F. (2009). Writing up qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research
strategies. Sage Publications, Inc.
Richards, T., & Richards, L. (1994). Using Computers in Qualitative Research. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S.
Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 445-462). Thousand Oaks
CA: Sage