CHAPTER 2

Input,
Processing,
and Output

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 Topics
• Designing a Program
• Input, Processing, and Output
• Displaying Output with print Function
• Comments
• Variables
• Reading Input from the Keyboard
• Performing Calculations
• More About Data Output
• Named Constants
• Introduction to Turtle Graphics

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 Designing a Program
• Programs must be designed before
they are written
• Program development cycle:
• Design the program
• Write the code
• Correct syntax errors
• Test the program
• Correct logic errors

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Designing a Program (cont’d.)
• Design is the most important part of the
program development cycle
• Understand the task that the program is
to perform
• Work with customer to get a sense what the
program is supposed to do
• Ask questions about program details
• Create one or more software requirements

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Designing a Program (cont’d.)
• Determine the steps that must be taken
to perform the task
• Break down required task into a series of
steps
• Create an algorithm, listing logical steps that
must be taken
• Algorithm: set of well-defined logical
steps that must be taken to perform a
task
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 Pseudocode
• Pseudocode: fake code
• Informal language that has no syntax rule
• Not meant to be compiled or executed
• Used to create model program
• No need to worry about syntax errors, can focus
on program’s design
• Can be translated directly into actual code in any
programming language

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 Flowcharts
• Flowchart: diagram that graphically
depicts the steps in a program
• Ovals are terminal symbols
• Parallelograms are input and output symbols
• Rectangles are processing symbols
• Symbols are connected by arrows that
represent the flow of the program

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Input, Processing, and Output
• Typically, computer performs three-
step process
• Receive input
• Input: any data that the program receives while it is
running
• Perform some process on the input
• Example: mathematical calculation
• Produce output

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 Displaying Output with the
print Function
• Function: piece of prewritten code that
performs an operation
• print function: displays output on the
screen
• Argument: data given to a function
• Example: data that is printed to screen
• Statements in a program execute in the order
that they appear
• From top to bottom

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 Constants
• Fixed values such as numbers, letters, and
strings, are called “constants” because their value
does not change
• Numeric constants are as you expect
• String constants use single quotes (')
or double quotes (")

>>> print(123)
123
>>> print(98.6)
98.6
>>> print('Hello world')
Hello world
 Strings and String Literals
• String: sequence of characters that is used
as data
• String literal: string that appears in actual
code of a program
• Must be enclosed in single (') or double (") quote
marks
• String literal can be enclosed in triple quotes (''' or
""")
• Enclosed string can contain both single and double quotes
and can have multiple lines

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 Comments
• Comments: notes of explanation within
a program
• Ignored by Python interpreter
• Intended for a person reading the program’s code
• Begin with a # character
• End-line comment: appears at the end
of a line of code
• Typically explains the purpose of that line

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 Comments in Python

• Anything after a # is ignored by Python

• Why comment?
- Describe what is going to happen in a sequence
of code
- Document who wrote the code or other ancillary
information
- Turn off a line of code - perhaps temporarily
# Get the name of the file and open it
name = input('Enter file:')
handle = open(name, 'r')

# Count word frequency

counts = dict()
for line in handle:
words = line.split()
for word in words:
counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1

# Find the most common word

bigcount = None
bigword = None
for word,count in counts.items():
if bigcount is None or count > bigcount:
bigword = word
bigcount = count

# All done
print(bigword, bigcount)
 Variables
• Variable: name that represents a value stored
in the computer memory
• Used to access and manipulate data stored in
memory
• A variable references the value it represents
• Assignment statement: used to create a
variable and make it reference data
• General format is variable = expression
• Example: age = 29
• Assignment operator: the equal sign (=)

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 Variables (cont’d.)
• In assignment statement, variable
receiving value must be on left side
• A variable can be passed as an
argument to a function
• Variable name should not be enclosed in
quote marks
• You can only use a variable if a value is
assigned to it

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 Variables
• A variable is a named place in the memory
where a programmer can store data and later
retrieve the data using the variable “name”
• Programmers get to choose the names of the
variables
• You can change the contents of a variable in a
later statement

x = 12.2 x 12.2
y = 14
y 14
 Variable Naming Rules
• Rules for naming variables in Python:
• Variable name cannot be a Python key word
• Variable name cannot contain spaces
• First character must be a letter or an underscore
• After first character may use letters, digits, or
underscores
• Variable names are case sensitive
• Variable name should reflect its use

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 Reserved Words
You cannot use reserved words as variable
names / identifiers.

False class return is finally

None if for lambda continue
True def from while nonlocal
and del global not with
as elif try or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise
 Python Variable Name Rules
• Must start with a letter or underscore _
• Must consist of letters, numbers, and
underscores
• Case Sensitive

Good: spam eggs spam23 _speed

Bad: 23spam #sign var.12
Different: spam Spam SPAM
 Mnemonic Variable Names
• Since we programmers are given a choice in how
we choose our variable names, there is a bit of
“best practice”
• We name variables to help us remember what we
intend to store in them (“mnemonic” = “memory
aid”)
• This can confuse beginning students because well-
named variables often “sound” so good that they
must be keywords

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic
x1q3z9ocd = 35.0
x1q3z9afd = 12.50
x1q3p9afd = x1q3z9ocd * x1q3z9afd
print(x1q3p9afd)

What is this
bit of code
doing?
x1q3z9ocd = 35.0 a = 35.0
x1q3z9afd = 12.50 b = 12.50
x1q3p9afd = x1q3z9ocd * x1q3z9afd c=a*b
print(x1q3p9afd) print(c)

What are
these bits of
code doing?
x1q3z9ocd = 35.0 a = 35.0
x1q3z9afd = 12.50 b = 12.50
x1q3p9afd = x1q3z9ocd * x1q3z9afd c=a*b
print(x1q3p9afd) print(c)

What are hours = 35.0

these bits of rate = 12.50
code doing? pay = hours * rate
print(pay)
Displaying Multiple Items with
the print Function
• Python allows one to display multiple
items with a single call to print
• Items are separated by commas when passed
as arguments
• Arguments displayed in the order they are
passed to the function
• Items are automatically separated by a space
when displayed on screen

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 Variable Reassignment
• Variables can reference different values
while program is running
• Garbage collection: removal of values that
are no longer referenced by variables
• Carried out by Python interpreter
• A variable can refer to item of any type
• Variable that has been assigned to one type can be
reassigned to another type

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 Variables
• A variable is a named place in the memory where
a programmer can store data and later retrieve
the data using the variable “name”
• Programmers get to choose the names of the
variables
• You can change the contents of a variable in a
later statement
x = 12.2 x 12.2 100
y = 14
x = 100 y 14
Numeric Data Types, Literals,
and the str Data Type
• Data types: categorize value in memory
• e.g., int for integer, float for real number, str used for
storing strings in memory
• Numeric literal: number written in a program
• No decimal point considered int, otherwise,
considered float
• Some operations behave differently
depending on data type

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 Reassigning a Variable to a
Different Type
• A variable in Python can refer to items of
any type

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 Sentences or Lines

x=2 Assignment statement

x=x+2 Assignment with expression
print(x) Print statement

Variable Operator Constant Function

 Assignment Statements

• We assign a value to a variable using the

assignment statement (=)
• An assignment statement consists of an
expression on the
right-hand side and a variable to store the result

x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )
A variable is a memory
location used to store a x 0.6
value (0.6)

0.6 0.6
x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )

0.4

0.936
The right side is an expression.
Once the expression is
evaluated, the result is placed
in (assigned to) x.
A variable is a memory location
used to store a value. The
value stored in a variable can
be updated by replacing the x 0.6 0.936
old value (0.6) with a new
value (0.936).
0.6 0.6
x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )

0.4

The right side is an expression. 0.936

Once the expression is
evaluated, the result is placed
in (assigned to) the variable on
the left side (i.e., x).
 Reading Input from the
Keyboard
• Most programs need to read input from the
user
• Built-in input function reads input from
keyboard
• Returns the data as a string
• Format: variable = input(prompt)
• prompt is typically a string instructing user to enter a value
• Does not automatically display a space after the
prompt

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 Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• input function always returns a string
• Built-in functions convert between data types
• int(item) converts item to an int
• float(item) converts item to a float
• Nested function call: general format:
function1(function2(argument))
• value returned by function2 is passed to function1
• Type conversion only works if item is valid numeric
value, otherwise, throws exception

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 User Input

• We can instruct
Python to pause name = input('Who are you? ')
and read data print('Welcome', name)
from the user
using the input()
function
Who are you? Cihan
• The input() Welcome Cihan
function returns a
string
 Converting User Input

• If we want to read
a number from the
user, we must
convert it from a
string to a number
using a type inp = input('Europe floor?')
conversion usf = int(inp) + 1
print('US floor', usf)
function
• Later we will deal Europe floor? 0
with bad input data US floor 1
 Performing Calculations
• Math expression: performs calculation and
gives a value
• Math operator: tool for performing calculation
• Operands: values surrounding operator
• Variables can be used as operands
• Resulting value typically assigned to variable
• Two types of division:
• / operator performs floating point division
• // operator performs integer division
• Positive results truncated, negative rounded away from zero

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 Operator Precedence and
Grouping with Parentheses
• Python operator precedence:
1. Operations enclosed in parentheses
• Forces operations to be performed before others
2. Exponentiation (**)
3. Multiplication (*), division (/ and //), and remainder
(%)
4. Addition (+) and subtraction (-)
• Higher precedence performed first
• Same precedence operators execute from left to
right

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 The Exponent Operator and
the Remainder Operator
• Exponent operator (**): Raises a
number to a power
• x ** y = xy
• Remainder operator (%): Performs
division and returns the remainder
• a.k.a. modulus operator
• e.g., 4%2=0, 5%2=1
• Typically used to convert times and distances,
and to detect odd or even numbers
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Converting Math Formulas to
Programming Statements
• Operator required for any mathematical
operation
• When converting mathematical
expression to programming statement:
• May need to add multiplication operators
• May need to insert parentheses

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 Numeric Expressions
• Because of the lack of Operator Operation
mathematical symbols on
+ Addition
computer keyboards - we
use “computer-speak” to - Subtraction
express the classic math
operations * Multiplication
• Asterisk is multiplication / Division
• Exponentiation (raise to a ** Power
power) looks different than
in math % Remainder
 Numeric Expressions
Operator Operation
>>> xx = 2 >>> jj = 23
>>> xx = xx + 2 >>> kk = jj % 5
>>> print(xx) >>> print(kk) + Addition

4 3
>>> yy = 440 * 12 >>> print(4 ** 3) - Subtraction
>>> print(yy) 64
5280 * Multiplication
>>> zz = yy / 1000
>>> print(zz) 4R3 / Division
5.28
5 23
20 ** Power

3
% Remainder
 Order of Evaluation
• When we string operators together - Python must
know which one to do first
• This is called “operator precedence”
• Which operator “takes precedence” over the
others?

x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6
 Operator Precedence Rules

Highest precedence rule to lowest precedence rule:

• Parentheses are always respected

• Exponentiation (raise to a power) Parenthesis

Power
• Multiplication, Division, and Remainder Multiplication
Addition
• Addition and Subtraction Left to Right
• Left to right
>>> x = 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5
>>> print(x)
11.0 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5
>>>
1+8/4*5

1+2*5
Parenthesis
Power 1 + 10
Multiplication
Addition 11
Left to Right
Operator Precedence
Parenthesis
Power
Multiplication
• Remember the rules top to bottom Addition
Left to Right
• When writing code - use parentheses
• When writing code - keep mathematical
expressions simple enough that they are easy to
understand
• Break long series of mathematical operations up
to make them more clear
Mixed-Type Expressions and
Data Type Conversion
• Data type resulting from math operation
depends on data types of operands
• Two int values: result is an int
• Two float values: result is a float
• int and float: int temporarily converted to float,
result of the operation is a float
• Mixed-type expression
• Type conversion of float to int causes truncation
of fractional part

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 What Does “Type” Mean?
• In Python variables,
literals, and constants >>> ddd = 1 + 4
have a “type” >>> print(ddd)
• Python knows the 5
>>> eee = 'hello ' + 'there'
difference between an
>>> print(eee)
integer number and a hello there
string
• For example “+” means
“addition” if something is a concatenate = put together
number and “concatenate”
if something is a string
 Type Matters
• Python knows what >>> eee = 'hello ' + 'there'
“type” everything is >>> eee = eee + 1
Traceback (most recent call last): File
• Some operations are "<stdin>", line 1, in
prohibited <module>TypeError: Can't convert 'int'
object to str implicitly
• You cannot “add 1” to a >>> type(eee)
string <class'str'>
>>> type('hello')
• We can ask Python <class'str'>
what type something is >>> type(1)
by using the type() <class'int'>
function >>>
 Several Types of Numbers
• Numbers have two main types
>>> xx = 1
- Integers are whole numbers: >>> type (xx)
<class 'int'>
-14, -2, 0, 1, 100, 401233 >>> temp = 98.6
>>> type(temp)
- Floating Point Numbers <class'float'>
have decimal parts: -2.5 , >>> type(1)
0.0, 98.6, 14.0 <class 'int'>
>>> type(1.0)
• There are other number types
<class'float'>
- they are variations on float
>>>
and integer
 Type Conversions

• When you put an >>> print(float(99) + 100)

integer and floating
199.0
point in an >>> i = 42
expression, the >>> type(i)
integer is implicitly <class'int'>
converted to a float >>> f = float(i)
>>> print(f)
• You can control this 42.0
>>> type(f)
with the built-in
<class'float'>
functions int() and
>>>
float()
 Integer Division

>>> print(10 / 2)
Integer division produces 5.0
a floating point result. >>> print(9 / 2)
4.5
>>> print(99 / 100)
0.99
>>> print(10.0 / 2.0)
5.0
>>> print(99.0 / 100.0)
0.99

This was different in Python 2.x

 String >>> sval = '123'
Conversions >>> type(sval)
<class 'str'>
>>> print(sval + 1)
Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>",
• You can also use int() line 1, in <module>
and float() to convert TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str
between strings and implicitly
>>> ival = int(sval)
integers
>>> type(ival)
• You will get an error if <class 'int'>
>>> print(ival + 1)
the string does not 124
contain numeric >>> nsv = 'hello bob'
characters >>> niv = int(nsv)
Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>",
line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'x'
 Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Long statements cannot be viewed on screen
without scrolling and cannot be printed
without cutting off
• Multiline continuation character (\): Allows
to break a statement into multiple lines

result = var1 * 2 + var2 * 3 + \

var3 * 4 + var4 * 5

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 Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Any part of a statement that is enclosed in
parentheses can be broken without the line
continuation character.

print("Monday's sales are", monday,

"and Tuesday's sales are", tuesday,
"and Wednesday's sales are", Wednesday)

total = (value1 + value2 +

value3 + value4 +
value5 + value6)

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 More About Data Output
• print function displays line of output
• Newline character at end of printed data
• Special argument end='delimiter' causes print
to place delimiter at end of data instead of newline
character
• print function uses space as item separator
• Special argument sep='delimiter' causes print
to use delimiter as item separator

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 More About Data Output
(cont’d.)
• Special characters appearing in string literal
• Preceded by backslash (\)
• Examples: newline (\n), horizontal tab (\t)
• Treated as commands embedded in string
• When + operator used on two strings in
performs string concatenation
• Useful for breaking up a long string literal

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 Formatting Numbers
• Can format display of numbers on screen
using built-in format function
• Two arguments:
• Numeric value to be formatted
• Format specifier
• Returns string containing formatted number
• Format specifier typically includes precision and data
type
• Can be used to indicate scientific notation, comma
separators, and the minimum field width used to display the
value

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Formatting Numbers (cont’d.)
• The % symbol can be used in the format
string of format function to format number
as percentage
• To format an integer using format function:
• Use d as the type designator
• Do not specify precision
• Can still use format function to set field width or
comma separator

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 Magic Numbers
• A magic number is an unexplained numeric
value that appears in a program’s code.
Example:

amount = balance * 0.069

• What is the value 0.069? An interest rate? A

fee percentage? Only the person who wrote
the code knows for sure.

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 The Problem with Magic
Numbers
• It can be difficult to determine the purpose of the
number.

• If the magic number is used in multiple places in the

program, it can take a lot of effort to change the
number in each location, should the need arise.

• You take the risk of making a mistake each time you

type the magic number in the program’s code.
• For example, suppose you intend to type 0.069, but you
accidentally type .0069. This mistake will cause mathematical
errors that can be difficult to find.

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 Named Constants
• You should use named constants instead of magic numbers.
• A named constant is a name that represents a value that does
not change during the program's execution.
• Example:

INTEREST_RATE = 0.069

• This creates a named constant named INTEREST_RATE,

assigned the value 0.069. It can be used instead of the magic
number:

amount = balance * INTEREST_RATE

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 Advantages of Using Named
Constants
• Named constants make code self-explanatory (self-
documenting)
• Named constants make code easier to maintain
(change the value assigned to the constant, and the
new value takes effect everywhere the constant is
used)
• Named constants help prevent typographical errors
that are common when using magic numbers

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 Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• Python's turtle graphics system displays a
small cursor known as a turtle.

• You can use Python statements to move the

turtle around the screen, drawing lines and
shapes.

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 Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• To use the turtle graphics system, you
must import the turtle module with this
statement:

import turtle

This loads the turtle module into

memory

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 Moving the Turtle Forward
• Use the turtle.forward(n)
statement to move the turtle forward n
pixels.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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 Turning the Turtle
• The turtle's initial heading is 0 degrees (east)

• Use the turtle.right(angle) statement to

turn the turtle right by angle degrees.

• Use the turtle.left(angle) statement to

turn the turtle left by angle degrees.

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 Turning the Turtle

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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 Turning the Turtle

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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 Setting the Turtle's Heading
• Use the turtle.setheading(angle)
statement to set the turtle's heading to a
specific angle.
>>> import turtle
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.setheading(180)
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.setheading(270)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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 Setting the Pen Up or Down
• When the turtle's pen is down, the turtle draws a line
as it moves. By default, the pen is down.

• When the turtle's pen is up, the turtle does not draw
as it moves.

• Use the turtle.penup() statement to raise the pen.

• Use the turtle.pendown() statement to lower the

pen.

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 Setting the Pen Up or Down

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>>

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 Drawing Circles
• Use the turtle.circle(radius) statement to
draw a circle with a specified radius.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>>

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 Drawing Dots
• Use the turtle.dot() statement to draw a simple
dot at the turtle's current location.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>>

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 Changing the Pen Size and
Drawing Color
• Use the turtle.pensize(width) statement to
change the width of the turtle's pen, in pixels.

• Use the turtle.pencolor(color) statement to

change the turtle's drawing color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list of colors.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.pensize(5)
>>> turtle.pencolor('red')
>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>>

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 Working with the Turtle's
Window
• Use the turtle.bgcolor(color) statement to set
the window's background color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list of colors.

• Use the turtle.setup(width, height) statement

to set the size of the turtle's window, in pixels.
• The width and height arguments are the width and height, in
pixels.
• For example, the following interactive session creates a graphics
window that is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high:

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.setup(640, 480)
>>>
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Resetting the Turtle's Window
• The turtle.reset() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Does not reset the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clear() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Does not change the turtle's position.
• Does not change the drawing color.
• Does not change the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clearscreen() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Resets the graphics window’s background color to white.

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 Working with Coordinates
• The turtle uses Cartesian Coordinates

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 Moving the Turtle to a
Specific Location
• Use the turtle.goto(x, y) statement to move the
turtle to a specific location.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.goto(0, 100)
>>> turtle.goto(−100, 0)
>>> turtle.goto(0, 0)
>>>

• The turtle.pos() statement displays the turtle's current X,Y coordinates.

• The turtle.xcor() statement displays the turtle's current X coordinate and
the turtle.ycor() statement displays the turtle's current Y coordinate.

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 Animation Speed
• Use the turtle.speed(speed)
command to change the speed at which
the turtle moves.
• The speed argument is a number in the
range of 0 through 10.
• If you specify 0, then the turtle will make all of
its moves instantly (animation is disabled).

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 Hiding and Displaying the
Turtle
• Use the turtle.hideturtle() command to
hide the turtle.
• This command does not change the way graphics are
drawn, it simply hides the turtle icon.

• Use the turtle.showturtle() command to

display the turtle.

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 Displaying Text
• Use the turtle.write(text) statement to
display text in the turtle's graphics window.
• The text argument is a string that you want to
display.
• The lower-left corner of the first character will be
positioned at the turtle’s X and Y coordinates.

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 Displaying Text

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.write('Hello World')
>>>

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 Filling Shapes
• To fill a shape with a color:
• Use the turtle.begin_fill() command before
drawing the shape
• Then use the turtle.end_fill() command after
the shape is drawn.
• When the turtle.end_fill() command
executes, the shape will be filled with the current fill
color

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 Filling Shapes

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.fillcolor('red')
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
>>>

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 Keeping the Graphics
Window Open
• When running a turtle graphics program outside
IDLE, the graphics window closes immediately when
the program is done.

• To prevent this, add the turtle.done() statement

to the very end of your turtle graphics programs.
• This will cause the graphics window to remain open, so you can
see its contents after the program finishes executing.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Summary
• This chapter covered:
• The program development cycle, tools for program
design, and the design process
• Ways in which programs can receive input, particularly
from the keyboard
• Ways in which programs can present and format output
• Use of comments in programs
• Uses of variables and named constants
• Tools for performing calculations in programs
• The turtle graphics system

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 Acknowledgements / Contributions

These slides are Copyright 2010- Charles R. ...

Severance (www.dr-chuck.com) of the University of
Michigan School of Information and made available
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Please maintain this last slide in all copies of the
document to comply with the attribution requirements
of the license. If you make a change, feel free to add
your name and organization to the list of contributors
on this page as you republish the materials.

Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of

Michigan School of Information

… Insert new Contributors and Translators here