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BLOOD

Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

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elliot kafumukache
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19 views

BLOOD

Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. It contains erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. The document defines blood and its components, describes the different blood cell types and their functions, and how they are studied microscopically.

Uploaded by

elliot kafumukache
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BLOOD

EBK
Objectives
• Define blood
• Name the constituents of blood
• Demonstrate the identifying features of
different blood cells
• Describe the functions of the blood cells
• Demonstrate the understanding of the
development of blood
Definition
• Specialized connective tissue consisting of
a variety of cells suspended in a fluid
medium called plasma
• 5.5 L in man is a vehicle for transport of
gases, nutrients, metabolic waste
products, cells and hormones throughout
the body
• The formed elements of blood are
erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
• Blood removed from the body clots
• Clot is made up of formed elements and
clear yellow liquid called serum
• If blood is prevented from clotting and
allowed to stand or centrifuged it
separates:-
• Plasma, leukocytes and erythrocytes
• Hematocrit is an estimate of the volume of
packed erythrocytes per unit volume of
blood
• Normal values:-
• 40-50% male
• 35-45% female
Plasma
• Essentially an aqueous solution of
inorganic salts constantly exchanged with
extracellular fluid of body tissues
• Contains also plasma proteins , albumin,
globulins prothrombin and fibrinogen
• Colloidal osmotic pressure
• Organic compounds include amino acids,
vitamins, hormones, lipoproteins
Blood cell types
• 3 major functional classes
• Erythrocytes/ red blood cells
• White blood cells/ leukocytes
• Platelets /thrombocytes
• All are formed in the bone marrow via
haemopoiesis
• Red blood cells primary involved in
transport of gases
• Erythron is the whole mass of red blood
cells and precursors in the bone marrow
• Leucocytes are involved in defence and
immune system of the body (transient in
blood to tissues)
• Platelets controlling bleeding
(haemostasis)
Methods of study
• Blood smear on a glass slide
• Polychromatic staining technique
• Romanowsky-type:-
• Giemsa , Wright or Leishman methods
4 distinctive staining
• Basophilia (deep blue) affinity for basic dye
methylene blue, DNA in the nucleus, RNA in the
cytoplasm i.e. ribosomes
• Azurophilia (purple) affinity for azure dyes, as
seen in with lysosomes
• Eosinophilia (pink) affinity for acidic dye eosin
also called acidophilia feature of haemoglobin
• Neutrophilia (salmon pink/lilac) specific to
certain specific cytoplasmic granules of
neutropils
• Bone marrow
• Aspirate
• Smear
• sections
Erythrocytes
• Anucleated cells principal function to
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Haemoglobin is synthesized
• Before entering circulation nucleus is
extruded and by maturity all cytoplasmic
organelles degenerate
• Normal 3.9-5.5 million per microliter
4.1 -6 million per microliter
• Limited number of
enzymes
• Biconcave disc
7.5,2.6 & 0.8µm
• Pale central region
• Flexibility
• Anerobic metabolism
• Life span 120 days
• Reduced number of
rbcs associated with
anaemia
• Increased number
polycythemia
• Macrocytes
• Microcytes
• Anisocytosis
• Sickle cell disease
Reticulocytes
• 1% of total circulating
rbcs
• Residual ribosomes
• Demonstrated by
supravital staining
• Cresyl blue
• Increase seen after
blood loss
Leucocytes
• Granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
• Agranulocytes/mononuclear leucocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
• Granulocytes possess two types of
granules
• Specific granules: bind neutral, basic or
acidic components of dye
• Azurophilic granules: stain purple and are
lysosomes
• Terminal non-dividing cells, apoptosis
Neutrophils
• 40-75%
• Motile & phagocytic
• Acute inflammation
• Lobulated nucleus
• Pus cells
• opsonisation
Eosinophils
• 1-6%
• Diurnal variation
• Remain in bone marrow for several days
• Circulate 3-8 hours
• Increase in parasitic infection
• Increase allergic reaction
• 12 -17 µm
• Bilobed nucleus
• Esonophilic granules
• Histaminase
• Major basic protein
• Antibody-antigen
complex
• IgE receptors
Basophil
• Least common 1%
• Bilobed
• Basophilic granules
• Source of histamine, heparin, SRS-A,
ECF-A
• metachromatic
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
• 20 – 50%
• Increases commonly in viral infections
• Immune functions
• 2 sizes histologically small and large
• 3 types: T, B and Natural killer
Monocytes
Moncytes
• Large cell
• 2 -10%
• Motile and phagocytic – macrophages
• Nucleus eccentric and indented – kidney
shaped
• Organelle prominant
Platelets
• Thrombocytes
• Nonnucleated, disklike cell fragments 2-
4µm
• Megakaryocytes
• Promote clotting of blood
• Repair gaps in blood vessels
Bone marrow
• Meshwork of vascular sinuses
• Reticular tissue- fibroblasts
• Adipocytes
• Haemopoietic cells
End of lecture

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