Introduction to Graphics

by
Ar. Harpreet Kaur Saggu
Assistant Professor
Drawing:
• The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the
paper.
• The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper.
Classification:
1. ArtisticDrawing (Free-hand or Model Drawing):
The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or
by keeping the object before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
2. Engineering Drawing (Instrument
Drawing):
The art of representation of engineering objects.
e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
 Role of Graphics

• Visualization
• Communication
• Documentation

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Applications of Architectural Drawing
Construction
Traditional Drawing
Tools
 Drawing Instruments

1. Drawing Board 12. Drawing Pencils – H, 2H, HB

2. Drawing Sheet 13. Sand Paper
3. Drawing Sheet Holder 14. Eraser (Rubber)
4. Set-squares – 45o and 30o – 60o 15. Drawing Pins and Clips
5. Large size Compass 16. Cello Tape
6. Small bow Compass 17. Duster or Handkerchief
7. Large size Divider 18. Drafting Machine / Mini Drafter
8. Small bow Divider 19. Sketch Book (Medium size)
9. Scales – 6” and 12” 20. Roller Scale
10. Protractor 21. Pencil Sharpener
11. French Curve 22. Sheet Folder
TECHNICAL DRAWING BOARD
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Pencil Eraser 6. Compass

 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

 Layout of Drawing Sheet

20
150

Title Block

50

20
30 20

All the dimensions are in millimeters.

 Title Block (Sample)

NAME:
10

20
ROLL NO.:
10

SEM. & SEC.: LINES

10

10
SUB. DATE: SHEET NO.: 01
&
10

10
GRADE: CHECKED BY:
LETTERING
10

10
50 50 50

NOTES:
All the dimensions are
in millimeters.
Sheet Size
 LINES
Line Thickness:

Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of the drawing.

For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

Line-group
Thickness Lines
(mm)
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines and long-break
lines.

Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.
 Types of Lines
Lines Description General Applications
A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines
A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in
B7 plane
Short centre
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views and
lines
sections
(free-hand)
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines
(straight with zigzags)
 Lines Description General Applications
E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at ends H1 Cutting planes
and changes of direction

J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which a

special treatment applies
K Chain thin double-dashed K1 Outlines of adjacent parts
K2 Alternative and extreme positions of
movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
 G1
H1 G3

P P

E1
80o

K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
Ø10

C1
D1

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

 Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a is lettering
drawing
Classification:
1. Single-stroke Letters:
The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the pencil.
Recommended by B.I.S.
It has two types:
i. Vertical
ii. Inclined (slope 75o with the horizontal)
• The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5.
• Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
• The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural
drawings.
• The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal.
• The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close
together
too much apart.
•
The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to
the height of the letters.
• Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make
them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing:
Main titles -----------------------------------------6-8 mm
Sub titles ------------------------------------------3-6 mm
Notes, dimension figures, etc. ---------------3-5 mm
Drawing no. --------------------------------------10-12
mm

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 ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
d/2 d

OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890

abcdefghijklmnopqr
stuvwxy z
 Dimensioning
The art of writing the various sizes or measurement on the finished drawing of an object.
Types of Dimensioning:
i. Size or Functional Dimensions (S):
It indicates sizes.
e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter,
etc.
ii.
Location or Datum Dimensions (L):
It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within the object.

L L S

S
L
 Notations of Dimensioning

Symbol
Note 2 Holes, Ø12

Leader
(at 30o,45o,60o)

90

Extension line Dimension line Arrow-head

Dimension figure

X
3X
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 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

20
20 15 25
35

60

Chain Parallel
 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

15 15

30 30
90 60 45 30 0 15 30

Combined Progressive
Thank you !