Object Oriented Programming

(CSE 2202)

Lecture One and Two

Part-I
Object Oriented Concepts &
Java Programming basic

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Objectives
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
 Learn about Programming Paradigms
 Structured Vs Object-Oriented paradigm

 Understand OOP Concepts and Features

 Fundamental Java Programming Structures:
 Tokens: Identifiers, Separators, Operators, keywords & Literals
 Constants, variables and primitive data types
 The main() method
 Control statements: if, switch, while, do…while, for and Jumps in loops
 Array & Strings in java

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Contd…
OOP Approach
 A modern programming paradigm that allows the Programmer
to model a problem in a real-world fashion as an object.
 Major objective is to eliminate some of the flaws/faults/errors
encountered in the procedural approach.
 OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a number of
entities called objects and then build data and methods
(functions) around these entities.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the methods
associated with the object
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design

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Contd…
Features of OOP
 Emphasis is given to both data and procedure.
 Programs are divided into objects/ classes.
 Data Structures/attributes/fields are designed such that they
characterize the objects.
 Methods that operate on the data of an object are tied together
in the data structure.
 Data is hidden from external world and can not be accessed by
external functions.
 Objects may communicate with each other through methods. 6
Basic OOP Concepts
The following are the basic OOP concepts:
1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data Abstraction
4. Data Encapsulation
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Dynamic Binding
8. Message Passing
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Contd…
1. Object
 An object is an any real world entity which may represent place, person,
data item related to program.
 An object has state, behavior and identity.
 Ex. A ‘Mouse’ object has,
State: moving or working
Behavior: picking or pointing an object on the screen
Identity: color, company, Identification No. etc.
 An object is a variable/instance of class.
 An object is a run-time entity.
2. Class
 Is the template or blueprint that defines the states and the behaviors
common to all objects of a certain kind.
 It is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Classes are user-defined data types & behave like the built-in types of
programming language.
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Contd…
3. Data Abstraction
 Abstraction means representing essential features without

including the background details or explanations

 A classes can use the concept of Abstraction and are defined as

list of abstract data and functions to operate on these data.

 Since the classes use the concept of Data Abstraction, they are

known as Abstract Data Type(ADT).

4. Data Encapsulation
 The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called

class) is known as encapsulation.

 This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is

called data hiding.

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Contd…
5. Inheritance
 Is the process by which objects of one class acquire the
properties of objects of another class.
 It provides the idea of reusability( reusing the code)
6. Polymorphism
 In polymorphism, ‘Poly’ means many and ‘morph’ means
forms, i.e. many forms.
 Is the ability to take more than one form. It allows a function
responding in different ways.
7. Dynamic Binding
 Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given
procedure call is not known until the time of the call at
runtime.
 Memory is allocated at runtime not at compile time. 10
Contd…
8. Message Passing
 The process of invoking an operation of an object is called

Massage Passing.
 In response to the given massage, the respective method or

operation is called.
 OOPs includes objects which communicates by sending/

receiving information with each other.

 Message Passing involves specifying the name of the object,

the name of the function (message) and the information to be

sent.
employee.salary (name);
 A message for an object is a request for the execution of a

procedure.

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Features of Java (Java Buzzwords)
 Simple: Learning and practicing Java is easy because of
resemblance with C and C++.
 Object Oriented: Unlike C++, Java is purely OOP.
 Distributed: Java is designed for use on network; it has an
extensive library which works in agreement with TCP/IP.
 Secure: Java is designed for use on Internet. Java enables the
construction of virus-free, tamper free systems.
 Robust (Strong/ Powerful): Java programs will not crash
because of its exception handling and its memory management
features.
 Portable: Java does not have implementation dependent
aspects and it yields or gives same result on any machine.

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Contd…
 Interpreted: Java programs are compiled to generate the byte
code(.class file). This byte code can be interpreted by the
interpreter contained in JVM.
 Architectural Neutral Language: Java byte code is not
machine dependent, it can run on any machine with any
processor and with any OS.
 High Performance: Along with interpreter there will be JIT
(Just In Time) compiler which enhances the speed of execution.
 Multithreaded: Executing different parts of program
simultaneously is called multithreading. This is an essential
feature to design server side programs.
 Dynamic: We can develop programs in Java which
dynamically change on Internet (e.g.: Applets).

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C++ Vs Java
 Java does not support operator overloading.
 Java does not have template classes as in C++.
 Java does not support multiple inheritance.
 This is accomplished using a new feature called “interface”
 Java does not support global variables.
 Every variable and method is declared within a class and forms part of
that class.
 Java does not use pointers
 Java has replaced the destructor function with a
finalize() function
 There are not header files in Java.

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Java API
 It includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped into
several functional packages.
 Most commonly used packages are:
 Language Support Package: a collection of classes and methods required
for implementing basic features of java.
 Utilities Package: a collection of classes to provide utility functions such
as date and time functions.
 Input/output Package: a collection of classes required for input/output
manipulation.
 Networking Package: a collection of classes for communicating with
other computers via Internet.
 AWT Package (Abstract Window Tool kit package): contains classes that
implements platform-independent graphical user interface.
 Applet Package: includes set of classes that allows us to create java
applets.

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Programming Structure
 In the Java programming language:
 A program is made up of one or more classes
 A class contains one or more methods
 A method contains program statements
 In Java, first we need to import the required packages. By
default, java.lang.* is imported. Java has several such packages
in its library.
 A package is a kind of directory that contains a group of related
classes and interfaces. A class or interface contains methods.
 Since Java is purely an Object Oriented Programming language,
we cannot write a Java program without having at least one
class or object. So, it is mandatory to write a class in Java
program. We should use class keyword for this purpose and
then write class name.
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Contd…
// comments about the class
class header
public class MyProgram
{

// comments about the method

public static void main (String[] args)
class body
{
method header
method body
}

Comments can be placed almost anywhere

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5. Operators
 Are symbols that take one or more arguments (operands) and
operates on them to a produce a result.
 Are used to in programs to manipulate data and variables.
 They usually form a part of mathematical or logical
expressions.
 Expressions can be combinations of variables, primitives and
operators that result in a value.

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Java Operators
 There are 8 different groups of operators in Java:
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operator
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Conditional operators
 Bitwise operators
 Special operators
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Variables
 A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used
to store a data value.
 Unlike constants, that remain unchanged during the execution
of a program, a variable may take different values at different
times during the execution of the program.
 It is good practice to select variable names that give a good
indication of the sort of data they hold:
 For example, if you want to record the size of a hat,

hatSize is a good choice for a name whereas qqq would

be a bad choice.

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Contd…
 Variable names may consist of alphabets, digits, the underscore
(_) and dollar ($) characters, subject to the following conditions:
1. They should not begin with a digit.
2. Keywords should not be used as a variable name.
3. White spaces are not allowed.
4. Uppercase and lowercase are distinct. i.e. A rose is not a
Rose is not a ROSE.
5. Variable names can be of any length.

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Data Types
 Every variable in Java has a data type.
 Data types specify the size and type of values that can be
stored.
 Java language is rich in the data types.
 Java data types are of two type:
 Primitive Data Types (also called intrinsic or built-in data
types)
 Non-Primitive data Types (also known as Derived or
reference types)
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 Data Types in Java

Primitive Non-Primitive
(Intrinsic) (Derived)

Classes Arrays

Numeric Non-Numeric

Interfaces
Integer Floating-Point Character Boolean

Data Types in Java 57

Primitive Data Types
 There are eight built-in data types in Java:
• 4 integer types (byte, short, int, long)
• 2 floating point types (float, double)
• Boolean (boolean)
• Character (char)
 All variables must be declared with a data type before they
are used.
 Each variable's declared type does not change over the
course of the program.

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Read Statement
 It is also possible to assign value for variables interactively
through the keyboard using the readLine() method which belongs
to the DataInputStream class.
 The readLine() method reads the input from the keyboard as a
string which is then converted into the corresponding data type
using the data type wrapper classes.
 The wrapper classes are contained in the java.lang package.
 Wrapper classes wrap a value of the primitive types into an
object.
 The keywords try and catch are used to handle any errors that
might occur during the reading process.

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// A program to read data from the Keyboard
import java.io.DataInputStream;
public class Reading{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
int intNumber=0;
float floatNumber=0.0f;
double doubleNumber=0.0;
String Name=null;
try{
System.out.println("Enter your Name: ");
Name=in.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter an Integer Number: ");
intNumber=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a float Number: ");
floatNumber=Float.parseFloat(in.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a Double Number Number: ");
doubleNumber=Double.parseDouble(in.readLine());
}
catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println("Hello : "+Name);
System.out.println("The Integer Number is : "+intNumber);
System.out.println("The Float Number is : "+floatNumber);
System.out.println("The Double Number is : "+doubleNumber);
}
}
Example-2
import java.util.*;
public class Demoif
{
public static void main(String k[ ]){
Scanner t=new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("pls enter the integer value");
int x = t.nextInt();
char grade ;
if(x>= 85){
grade = 'A';
}
if(x >= 70 && x < 85){
grade = 'B';
}
System.out.println("x = " + x + " and grade = "+ grade);
}
}

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Scope of Variables
1. Instance Variables: are declared in a class, but outside a method,
constructor or any block.
• are created when an object is created with the use of the key word 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• They take different values for each object

2. Class Variables: are also known as static variables, are declared with
the static keyword in a class, but outside a method, constructor or a
block.
• Are global to a class and belong to the entire set of objects that class creates.
• Only one memory location is created for each class variable.

3. Local Variables: are variables declared and used inside methods.

• Can also be declared inside program blocks that are define between { and }.

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Scope of Variables
1. Instance Variables: are declared in a class, but outside a method,
constructor or any block.
• are created when an object is created with the use of the key word 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• They take different values for each object

2. Class Variables: are also known as static variables, are declared with
the static keyword in a class, but outside a method, constructor or a
block.
• Are global to a class and belong to the entire set of objects that class creates.
• Only one memory location is created for each class variable.

3. Local Variables: are variables declared and used inside methods.

• Can also be declared inside program blocks that are define between { and }.

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THANK YOU!
Q?

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