Biomechanics of tissues and organs.

Mechanical Properties of
Biological Materials
lecture 3
 Application
 Injury occurs when an imposed
load exceeds the tolerance (load-
carrying ability) of a tissue
 Training effects
 Drug effects
 Equipment Design effects
 Strength of Biological Materials
 The strength of biological materials is defined
by the ability of the material to withstand stress
without The
failure.
strength of a material is affected by:
 The strength of a material
Microstructure
Age
is affected by:
 Microstructure
Fluid content
 Age Type, direction and velocity of loading

 Fluid content
 Type, direction and velocity of loading
 Terminology
 load – the sum of all the external forces and
moments acting on the body or system
 deformation – local changes of shape within a
body
 Load-deformation relationship
 Changes in shape (deformation) experienced
by a tissue or structure when it is subjected to
various loads
 Types of Loads
Uniaxial Loads Multiaxial Loads

 Axial  Biaxial loading

 Compression responses
 Tension  Triaxial loading
 Shear responses
 Bending
 Torsion
Types of Loads
Axial Loads

Whiting & Zernicke (1998)

Shear Loads

Whiting & Zernicke (1998)

 Terminology – Stress ()

 = F/A (N/m2 or Pa)

 normalized load
 force applied per unit
area, where area is
measured in the plane
that is perpendicular
to force vector (CSA)
Terminology – Strain ()

 = dimension/original
dimension

 normalized
deformation
 change in shape of a
tissue relative to its
initial shape
 Strain is a Normalized Variable

∆𝐿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛=
𝐿𝑜

• is the change in length (amount of deformation).

• is the original length.
• Strain is dimensionless it quantifies the % of
deformation caused by the applied stress.
Elastic and plastic deformation, fracture
what happens when the tensile stress is increased?

1. elastic deformation (reversible)

2. plastic deformation (irreversible)

3. fracture

Materials which show plastic

deformation are called ductile.

Materials which show no plastic

deformation are called brittle.

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How are Stress () and Strain ()
related?
 “Stress is what is done to an object, strain is
how the object responds”.

 Stress and Strain are proportional to each other.

Modulus of elasticity = stress/strain

Stress and strain
Stress = tension / area = F / A
• SI unit: N m-2 = Pa

Strain (extension per original length) = Δ x / x

• has no units, because it’s a ratio of two lengths

Young modulus (E) = stress / strain

• SI unit: N m-2 = Pa
 Young’s modulus and Hooke’s law

oung’s modulus Hooke’s law

stress strain

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 Young’s Modulus

 Young’s modulus is a measure of the material’s

resistance to deformation.
 Young’s modulus quantifies how much stress is
required to generate a give strain.
 It does not depend upon the size or shape of the
object, but only the material the object is composed
of.
 Copper has a modulus of 120 x 109 Pa.
 Steel has a modulus of 200 x 109 Pa.
 Thus, steel is more resistant to deformation then is
copper.
 Other: Bone
Ultimate Modulus of Strain to
stress elasticity Fracture
(MPa) (GPa) (%)
Shear 50-100 3.58 -

Bending 132-181 10.6-15.8 -

Torsion 54.1 3.2-4.5 0.4-1.2

Tension 78.8-174 6.0-18.4 1.4-4.0

Compression 100-280 8.7-35.3 1-2.4

From LeVeau (1992). Biomechanics of human motion (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
 Material Young's Modulus Y (N/m2)

Aluminum 6.9 × 1010

Bone

Compression 9.4 × 109

Tension 1.6 × 1010

Brass 9.0 × 1010

Brick 1.4 × 1010

Copper 1.1 × 1011

Mohair 2.9 × 109

Nylon 3.7 × 109

Pyrex glass 6.2 × 1010

Steel 2.0 × 1011

Teflon 3.7 × 108

Tungsten 3.6 × 1011

 Shear stress / modulus of rigidity

shear stress: tangential force

on an object per area
modulus of rigidity

unit: Pa unit: Pa 21
 exposure to hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure / bulk modulus

bulk modulus

unit: Pa

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 Strength
stiffness ≠ strength

•Yield
•Ultimate
Strength
•Failure
 Tissue Properties
25

A
20
Load (N)

B C
15
10
5
1

Deformation (cm)
 Effects of Compression Forces on Deformable Bodies

Imagine applying a compression force on a soft deformable

object such as a marshmallow. The object would deform,
compress and the sides would bulge out, directly in
proportion to the applied force. This effect also occurs in
rigid objects like a steel rod. The internal forces acting on the
object cause deformation.
 Effects of Compression on a Rigid Object

Unlike a soft object, when a compression force is applied to a rigid

object the deformation may not be immediately observable. In the
example above the 20 N force causes deformation which is not
visible. An increase in the force to 40 N will eventually cause
visible deformation as bending occurs.
 A runner experiences an impact force of 3000 N that causes
the 0.42 m tibia to shorten (compress by 0.5 mm). The tibia
has an area of 0.000358 m2. Compute the axial stress (),
strain () and Young’s modulus ().
𝐹
3000 𝑁 𝜎=
𝜎= 𝐴
.000358 𝑚 2

8,379,888 Pa or 8.38 MPa

∆𝐿 .0005 𝑚
𝜀= 𝜀=
𝐿𝑜 .42𝑚
.00119 or .119% or 1,190 microstrain

𝜎 8,379,888 𝑃𝑎
𝛾= 𝛾= 7.04 x 109 Pa
𝜀 .00119
Effects of Shear Forces on Deformable Bodies
 Material Testing System

Images courtesy of
 Viscoelasticity
• When an elastic material
containing fluid is deformed
the return of the material to
it’s original shape is time
delayed.
• Viscoelastic materials exhibit
both an elastic response and
viscous damping.
• Bones, tendons, ligaments,
cartilage, muscle, and skin
are all viscoelastic.
• Viscoelastic materials display
both a time dependent and
rate dependent response.
 Stress – Strain for an Elastic Material

𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑥
The force required to deform an elastic spring is
described by Hooke’s law, where x is
deformation and k is the spring stiffness.
Properties of a Viscoelastic Material
 The mechanical response of a viscoelastic
material are time and velocity dependent.
 Viscoelastic materials exhibit:
 a hysteresis
 a creep response
 a force relaxation response
 Are time dependent, if the force is held for a longer
time they exhibit greater hysteresis.
 A velocity dependent, stiffness of the material
increases with increasing velocity of loading.
 MOENS-KORTWEG
RELATIONSHIP

Hydrostatics
Rigid tube flow
Bernoulli
model applications
Windkessel model
Moens-Korteweg
Womersley model
Complete model
Pennes equation
Damage modeling
 Wave Propagation Characteristics
 Speed of transmission depends on wall elastic
properties
 Pressure pulse:
 depends on wall/blood interactions
 Changes shape as it travels downstream due to
interactions between forward moving wave and
waves reflected at discontinuities (branching,
curvature sites)
 Need for model of wave propagation speed

Hydrostatics
Rigid tube flow
Bernoulli
model applications
Windkessel model
Moens-Korteweg
Womersley model
Complete model
Pennes equation
Damage modeling
 Moens-Korteweg Relationship
 Speed of pressure wave propagation through
thin-walled elastic tube containing an
incompressible, inviscid fluid

 Relationship accounts for:

 Fluid motion
 Vessel wall motion

Hydrostatics
Rigid tube flow
Bernoulli
model applications
Windkessel model
Moens-Korteweg
Womersley model
Complete model
Pennes equation
Damage modeling
 Moens–Korteweg equation
Eh
PWV 
2R 

Adriaan Isebree Moens Diederik Johannes Korteweg

Dutch physician and physiologist Dutch mathematician
2 2R 
(1846-1891) E  PWV  (1848-1941)
h

37
The mechanical properties of blood
vessels. Lame’s equation

Blood vessels are composed

of three concentric layers. The
innermost is called the
intimae, the middle-choroid
and outer-outer choroid.
 The mechanical properties of blood
vessels are caused mainly by the
properties of the average of the choroid,
composed of collagen, elastic, and
smooth muscle tubers. Elastic is
stretched significantly(admits a
deformation to 200-300%).It has a
pronounced non-linear mechanical
behavior of a variable modulus of 1 105
to 600 105 Pa.
 Pure collagen is stretched less (limit
deformation to 10%) and also detects
non-linear mechanical behavior. It ‘s
modulus of elasticity reaches from 1 107
to 100108 Pa, which means that it is
already relatively high.
 In a detailed study of the mechanical
properties of the vascular tissue it ‘s
distinguish how the pattern is cut out of
the vessel (or across the vessel). It is
possible, however, to consider the
deformation of the vessel as a whole as
a result of pressure from within the
elastic cylinder.
F    2hl F  p  2rl   2hl  p  2rl

pr
  - Lame’s equation

h
 Hill's equations for tetanized muscle contraction

This is a popular state equation applicable to

skeletal muscle that has been stimulated to
show Tetanic contraction.
It relates tension to velocity with regard to the
internal thermodynamics.
The equation is

(F + a) (v + b) = (F0 + a) b
 Hill's equations

Where
F -is the tension (or load) in the muscle
v -is the velocity of contraction
F0 -is the maximum isometric tension (or load)
generated in the muscle
a -coefficient of shortening heat
b=a×
-is the maximum velocity, when F=0
Hill's equation demonstrates that the relationship
between F and v is hyperbolic.
Therefore, the higher
the load applied to the
muscle, the lower the
contraction velocity.
Similarly, the higher
the contraction
velocity, the lower the
tension in the muscle.
This hyperbolic form
has been found to fit
the empirical constant
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 only during
Load kg. isotonic contractions
near resting length
Thank you

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