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Section 7.4

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Section 7.4

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Chapter 7

Hypothesis Testing
with One Sample

Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 1


Chapter Outline
• 7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
• 7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean ( Known)
• 7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean ( Unknown)
• 7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions
• 7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard
Deviation

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 2


Section 7.4

Hypothesis Testing for Proportions

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 3


Section 7.4 Objectives
• How to use the z-test to test a population proportion p

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 4


z-Test for a Population
Proportion
z-Test for a Population Proportion
• A statistical test for a population proportion.
• Can be used when a binomial distribution is given
such that np  5 and nq  5.
• The test statistic is the sample proportion p̂ .
• The standardized test statistic is z.
pˆ   pˆ pˆ  p
z 
 pˆ pq n

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 5


Using a z-Test for a
Proportion p
In Words In Symbols
1. Verify that the sampling np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5
distribution of p̂ can be
approximated by the normal
distribution.
2. State the claim mathematically
State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
3. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
4. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 4 in App.
B.
. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 6
Using a z-Test for a
Proportion p
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine the rejection
region(s).
6. Find the standardized test p̂  p
z
statistic and sketch the sampling pq n
distribution.
7. Make a decision to reject or fail If z is in the rejection
to reject the null hypothesis. region, reject H0.
8. Interpret the decision in the Otherwise, fail to reject
context of the original claim. H 0.

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 7


Example: Hypothesis Test for
a Proportion
A researcher claims that less than 45% of U.S. adults use
passwords that are less secure because complicated ones
are too hard to remember. In a random sample of 100
adults, 41% say they use passwords that are less secure
because complicated ones are too hard to remember. At
a = 0.01, is there enough evidence to support the
researcher’s claim? (Adapted from Pew Research
Center)
Solution:
The products np = 100(0.45) = 45 and nq = 100(0.55) =
55 are both greater than 5. So, you can use a z-test.
. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 8
Solution: Hypothesis Test for
a Proportion
The claim is “less than 45% of U.S. adults use
passwords that are less secure because complicated ones
are too hard to remember.” So, the null and alternative
hypotheses are
H0: p  0.45 and Ha: p < 0.45. (Claim)
Because the test is a left-tailed test and the level of
significance is a = 0.01, the critical value is z0 = 2.33
and the rejection region is z < −2.33.

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 9


Solution: Hypothesis Test for
a Proportion
The standardized test statistic is
z = = Assume p = 0.45.
0.80.

The figure shows the location


of the rejection region and the
standardized test statistic z.
Because z is not in the
rejection region, you fail to
reject the null hypothesis.
. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 10
Solution: Hypothesis Test for
a Proportion
There is not enough evidence at the 1% level of
significance to support the claim that less than 45% of
U.S. adults use passwords that are less secure because
complicated ones are too hard to remember.

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 11


Sample Proportion
Recall that when the sample proportion is not given, you
can find it using the formula

= Sample proportion

where x is the number of successes in the sample and n


is the sample size.

. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 12


Example: Hypothesis Test for
a Proportion
A researcher claims that 51% of U.S. adults believe,
incorrectly, that antibiotics are effective against viruses.
In a random sample of 2202 adults, 1161 say antibiotics
are effective against viruses. At = 0.10, is there enough
evidence to support the researcher’s claim? (Source:
HealthDay/Harris Poll)
Solution:
The products np = 2202(0.51) 1123 and nq =
2202(0.49) 1079 are both greater than 5. So, you
can use a z-test.
. Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 13
Solution: Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
The claim is “51% of U.S. adults believe, incorrectly,
that antibiotics are effective against viruses.” So, the
null and alternative hypotheses are
H0: p = 0.51 (Claim) and Ha: p  0.51.
Because the test is a two-tailed test and the level of
significance is a = 0.10, the critical values are
z0 = −1.645 and z0 = 1.645. The rejection regions are
z < −1.645 and z > 1.645.

Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 14


Solution: Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Because the number of successes is x = 1161 and
n = 2202, the sample proportion is
= = 0.527.
The standardized test statistic is
z = = 1.60.

Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 15


Solution: Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
The figure shows the location
of the rejection regions and
the standardized test statistic
z. Because z is not in the
rejection region, you fail to
reject the null hypothesis.

There is not enough evidence at the 10% level of


significance to reject the claim that 51% of U.S. adults
believe, incorrectly, that antibiotics are effective against
viruses.
Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc. 16

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