CHAPTER 5 – INPUT/OUTPUT

I/O hardware management

I/O software management
Disk management
User Interface management
 Types of I/O devices

Two main groups: Block and Character Devices

Block devices include disk drives
 Commands include read, write, seek
 Raw I/O or file-system access
 Memory-mapped file access possible
Character devices include keyboards, mice, serial ports
 Commands include get, put
 Libraries layered on top allow line editing

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 Types of I/O devices

Some typical device, network, and data base rates

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 Common concepts

Common concepts
 I/O Device Controller
 I/O Port
 I/O Bus

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 Device Controllers

Components of a simple personal computer

Monitor

Bus

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 Device Controllers

I/O devices have components:

 electromechanical component
 electronic component
The electronic component is the device controller
 may be able to handle multiple devices
Controller's tasks (Disk)
 convert serial bit stream to block of bytes
 perform error correction as necessary
 make available to main memory

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 I/O Port
I/O Port is a register in device interface. Example: Device I/O Port Locations on PCs (partial)

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A Typical PC Bus Structure

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 I/O address

I/O instructions control devices

Devices have addresses, used by
 Direct I/O instructions
 Memory-mapped I/O

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 Memory-Mapped I/O (1)

Separate I/O and memory space

Memory-mapped I/O
Hybrid

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 Memory-Mapped I/O (2)

(a) A single-bus architecture

(b) A dual-bus memory architecture

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 Data transfer Method between
CPU and I/O device
Three Data I/O transfer Methods:
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-Driven I/O
Direct Memory Access

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 Programmed I/O, Polling

Determines state of device

 ready
 busy
 Error
Busy-wait cycle to wait for I/O from device

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 Interrupt-Driven I/O

How interrupts happens. Connections between devices and interrupt controller actually
use interrupt lines on the bus rather than dedicated wires

Bus

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Example: Interrupts of PC computer

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Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Operation of a DMA transfer

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Example: DMA Transfer in PC Computer

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 Goals of I/O Software (1)

Device independence
 programs can access any I/O device
 without specifying device in advance
(floppy, hard drive, or CD-ROM)
Uniform naming
 name of a file or device is a string or an integer
 not depending on which machine
Error handling
 handle as close to the hardware as possible

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 Goals of I/O Software (2)

Synchronous vs. asynchronous transfers

 blocked transfers vs. interrupt-driven
Buffering
 data coming off a device cannot be stored in final destination
Sharable vs. dedicated devices
 disks are sharable
 tape drives would not be

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Programmed I/O (1)

Steps in printing a string

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Programmed I/O (2)

Writing a string to the printer using programmed I/O

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 Interrupt-Driven I/O

Writing a string to the printer using interrupt-driven I/O

 Code executed when print system call is made
 Interrupt service procedure

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 I/O Using DMA

Printing a string using DMA

 code executed when the print system call is made
 interrupt service procedure

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Hardware And Software

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 Disk management
Disk parameters for the original IBM PC floppy disk and a Western Digital WD
18300 hard disk

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Disk Hardware (1)

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 Disk Hardware (2)
Physical geometry of a disk with two zones
A possible virtual geometry for this disk

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 Disk Hardware (3)
Raid levels 0 through 2
Backup and parity drives are shaded

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 Disk Hardware (4)
Raid levels 3 through 5
Backup and parity drives are shaded

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 Disk Hardware (5)
Recording structure of a CD or CD-ROM

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Disk Hardware (6)
Logical data layout on a CD-ROM

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 Disk Hardware (7)
Cross section of a CD-R disk and laser
 not to scale
Silver CD-ROM has similar structure
 without dye layer
 with pitted aluminum layer instead of gold

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Disk Hardware (8)
A double sided, dual layer DVD disk

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Disk Formatting (1)

A disk sector

An illustration of cylinder skew

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 Disk Formatting (2)
(a) No interleaving
(b) Single interleaving
(c) Double interleaving

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 Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (1)
 Time required to read or write a disk block determined
by 3 factors
1. Seek time
2. Rotational delay
3. Actual transfer time
 Seek time dominates
 Error checking is done by controllers

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Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (2)
Shortest Seek First (SSF) disk scheduling algorithm

Initial Pending
position requests

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 Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (3)
The elevator algorithm for scheduling disk requests

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 Error Handling
A disk track with a bad sector
Substituting a spare for the bad sector
Shifting all the sectors to bypass the bad one

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User Interface management
 Input Software
 Output Software

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 Input Software
Central buffer pool
Dedicated buffer for each terminal

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Input Software
Characters handled specially in canonical mode

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 Input Software
Keyboard driver delivers a number
 driver converts to characters
 uses a ASCII table

Exceptions, adaptations needed for other languages

 many OS provide for loadable keymaps or code pages

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 Output Software
The ANSI escape sequences
 accepted by terminal driver on output
 ESC is ASCII character (0x1B)
 n,m, and s are optional numeric parameters

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 Display Hardware (1)
Memory-mapped displays
driver writes directly into display's video RAM

Parallel port

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 Display Hardware (2)
A video RAM image
 simple monochrome display
 character mode
Corresponding screen
 the xs are attribute bytes

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Output Software for Windows
Sample window located at (200,100) on XGA display

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 Output Software for Windows
An example rectangle drawn using Rectangle

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 Output Software for Windows
Copying bitmaps using BitBlt.
(a) before
(b) after

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Output Software for Windows
Examples of character outlines at different point sizes

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SUMMARY
 I/O hardware management
 I/O software management
 Disk management
 User Interface management

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