Table of Contents

This slide deck consists of slides used in 2 lecture videos in Week 5. Below is a
list of shortcut hyperlinks for you to jump into specific sections.

• (page 2) Week 5: How Databases Work

• (page 11) Week 5: Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)

Charles Severance
www.dj4e.com
Single Table
SQL
SQL Sequential
OLD Master NEW
Sorted Update Sorted
1970s

Merge

Transactions
Sorted
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_729
 Random
Access
• When you can randomly
access data...
• How can you layout data
to be most efficient?
• Sorting might not be the
best idea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_platter
Structured Query Language
• Structured Query
Language (SQL) came out
of a government /
industry partnership
• National Institute of
Standards and Technology
(NIST)

https://youtu.be/rLUm3vst87g
SQL
Structured Query Language is the
language we use to issue
commands to the database
- Create/Insert data
- Read/Select some data
- Update data
- Delete data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI-SPARC_Architecture
 Relational Databases
Relational databases model data by storing rows
and columns in tables. The power of the relational
database lies in its ability to efficiently retrieve data
from those tables and in particular where there are
multiple tables and the relationships between
those tables involved in the query.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database
 Common Database Systems
• Three major Database Management Systems in wide use
- Postgres – Open source, enterprise-scale, very tweakable
- Oracle - Large, commercial, enterprise-scale, very tweakable
- MySql - Simpler but very fast and scalable - commercial open source
- SqlServer - Very nice - from Microsoft (also Access)
• Many other smaller projects, free and open source
- HSQL, SQLite, ...
 Database Model
A database model or database schema is the structure
or format of a database, described in a formal
language supported by the database management
system. In other words, a “database model” is the
application of a data model when used in conjunction
with a database management system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model
 SQL
Structured Query Language is the language we use to issue
commands to the database

- Create data (a.k.a Insert)

- Retrieve data

- Update data

- Delete data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL
Lets Make a Database
https://www.dj4e.com/lectures/SQL-01-Basics.txt
$ sqlite3 zip.sqlite3
Start Simple - A
SQLite version 3.11.0 2016-02-15 17:29:24
Enter ".help" for usage hints. Single Table
sqlite> .tables
sqlite> CREATE TABLE Users(
...> id INTEGER NOT NULL
...> PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, CREATE TABLE Users(
...> name VARCHAR(128), id integer NOT NULL
...> email VARCHAR(128) PRIMARY KEY
...> ) ;
AUTOINCREMENT,
sqlite> .tables
Users name VARCHAR(128),
sqlite> .schema Users email VARCHAR(128)
CREATE TABLE Users( );
id INTEGER NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(128),
email VARCHAR(128)
);
sqlite> https://www.dj4e.com/lectures/SQL-01-Basics.txt
 SQL: Insert
The Insert statement inserts a row into a table

INSERT INTO Users (name, email) VALUES ('Kristin', '[email protected]')

 SQL: Delete
Deletes a row in a table based on selection criteria

DELETE FROM Users WHERE email='[email protected]'

 SQL: Update
Allows the updating of a field with a where clause

UPDATE Users SET name='Charles' WHERE email='[email protected]'

 Retrieving Records: Select
The select statement retrieves a group of records - you can either
retrieve all the records or a subset of the records with a WHERE
clause

SELECT * FROM Users

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE email='[email protected]'

 Sorting with ORDER BY
You can add an ORDER BY clause to SELECT statements to get
the results sorted in ascending or descending order

SELECT * FROM Users ORDER BY email

SELECT * FROM Users ORDER BY name DESC

 SQL Summary
INSERT INTO Users (name, email) VALUES ('Kristin', '[email protected]')

DELETE FROM Users WHERE email='[email protected]'

UPDATE Users SET name="Charles" WHERE email='[email protected]'

SELECT * FROM Users

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE email='[email protected]'

SELECT * FROM Users ORDER BY email

SQL summary

http://sqlitebrowser.org/
Acknowledgements / Contributions
These slides are Copyright 2019- Charles R. Severance (www.dr- Continue new Contributors and Translators here
chuck.com) as part of www.dj4e.com and made available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Please maintain this last
slide in all copies of the document to comply with the attribution
requirements of the license. If you make a change, feel free to add
your name and organization to the list of contributors on this page as
you republish the materials.

Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of Michigan

School of Information

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