What is the respiratory

system?
THE SYSTEM THAT INVOLVES THE
EXCHANGE OF GASES.

The primary function of this system is to

furnish oxygen for individual tissue
cells, and to take away the waste
products and carbon dioxide produced
by those same cells.
RESPIRATION - The act of “breathing”
“again”
•It is the process of gas exchange between
two or more compartment.
Lungs – are pair of spongy, elastic organ
that carry out the major breathing function
of the body
- It is the main organ for respiration
Ventilation - the movement of air from
outside the body to the alveoli of the
lungs.
 2 Phases of
Respiration

1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
2. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
External & internal respiration…
Ventilating the lungs
External respiration
is the process of
inhaling oxygen into
the lungs, and
exhaling carbon
dioxide. That process
Internal respiration is the
includes the
metabolic process by which
ventilation of the
living cells use blood
lungs and the
flowing through the
exchange of air in
capillaries, absorbing the
the lungs and blood
oxygen (O2 )they need and
within the capillaries
of the alveoli of the releasing the carbon dioxide
lungs. (CO2)they create.
 Mechanics of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
INSPIRATION – Process of sucking
air into the lungs.
EXPIRATION – Process of blowing
air out of the lungs.

THE AIR WE BREATHE IS A MIXTURE

OF THESE GASES:
Oxygen – 21.0%
Nitrogen – 78.1%
Carbon Dioxide – 0.03%
Other gases – 0.87%
 Inspiration
· Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract
· The size of the thoracic cavity
increases
· External air is pulled into the
lungs due to an increase in
intrapulmonary volume

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Inspiration

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Exhalation
· Largely a passive process
which depends on natural lung
elasticity
· As muscles relax, air is pushed
out of the lungs
· Forced expiration can occur
mostly by contracting internal
intercostal muscles to depress
the rib cage

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Exhalation

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Respiratory
system
· Nose
· Pharynx
· Larynx
· Trachea
· Bronchi
· Lungs –
alveoli

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A. UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHWAY:
Pathway begins with two cavities: These are the first two body
structures that inhaled air usually enters.
1. Nasal Cavity – Lies within the nose.
2. Oral Cavity - Is situated behind the “mouth”.
From both of the cavities, the air goes back into the
3. Pharynx – It is a membrane lined cavity behind the nose and mouth,
connecting them to the esophagus.
4. Larynx – “Voice box” it is a box shaped collection of cartilage plates
held together by dense fibrous connective tissue.
Vocal cords- are two straps of highly elastic connective tissue, which
vibrate with the passage of air through the larynx. These vibrations
create the “VOICE” sounds.
5. Epiglottis – serves as a flexible lid over the top of the larynx or voice
box.
- When a person swallows the food or liquid normally
pushes the epiglottis shut. This prevents food or liquid from entering
the larynx and the rest of the respiratory system.
6. Trachea- “Wind pipe” it is stiff and not collapsible due to the
presence of horse shoes of cartilage within its walls.
 The nose…
The external opening of
the nose is the nostrils or
anterior nares.

The dividing partition

between the nostrils is the
nasal septum, which forms
two nasal cavities.
Each cavity is divided into 3
air passages: the superior,
middle, and inferior
conchae (käNGkə).
 The conchae passages lead to
the passageway called the
pharnyx. Here, the ear is
connected to the sinuses, the
ears through the eustachian
tubes, and even the eyes
through the nasolacrimal ducts.
 The palatine (palate)
bones and maxilla (upper
jaw bone) separate the
nasal cavities from the
mouth cavity. Cilia (hairs)
line the mucous
membrane. It filters and
keep the mucus and dirt
away from our lungs
About 1 qt. of mucous is
produced daily.

Maxillae
The nose has 5 functions:
1. It serves as an air passageway.
2. It warms and moistens inhaled air.
3. Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust,
pollen, bacteria, and foreign matter.
4. It contains olfactory receptors, which smell
odors.
5. It aids in phonation and the quality of voice.
The pharynx… The pharynx is the
correct term for
the throat. It is a
muscular and
membranous tube
that is about 5
inches long,
extending
downward from
the base of the
skull. It eventually
The nasopharynx is behind the becomes the
nose; the oropharynx is behind esophagus.
the mouth; the laryngopharynx
is behind the larynx.
There are 7 openings
into the pharynx.
In the nasopharynx,
there are two
openings from the
eustachian tubes of
the ear , and two
openings from the
posterior nares of the
nose .
In the oropharnyx is
one opening from the
mouth .
 The pharynx also
contains 3 pairs of
tissues that are part
of the lymphatic
system:

1. the pharyngeal tonsils… the adenoids

2. the palatine tonsils
3. the lingual tonsils
The pharynx has 3 functions:
1. serves as a passageway for air
2. serves as a passageway for food
3. aids in phonation by changing its shape.
 The larynx…
The larynx, commonly called the
voicebox, is located at the upper
end of the trachea, below the
root of the tongue and hyoid
bone. It is lined with mucous
membrane.

The larynx contains vocal cords,

which produce sound.
Short, tense vocal cords produce high notes; long
relaxed vocal cords produce low notes.
 We can see several of the Epiglottis
cartilage structures of the
larynx in this side view: Thyroid
cartilage
1. The thyroid cartilage or
Adam’s apple is usually
larger in the male,
allowing longer vocal
cords and contributing
Cricoid
to a deeper male voice cartilage

2. The epiglottis covers the entrance of the

larynx while swallowing, to avoid choking
3. The cricoid (KRY koid) cartilage contains the
vocal cords
 The trachea or windpipe is
The trachea… a smooth, muscular tube
leading from the larynx to
the main bronchi.

C-shaped rings of
Trachea cartilage provide
protection on the
Cartilage rings prevent front and sides
crushing of the trachea
The trachea is the passageway for air to and from
the lungs. It is lined with cilia (hairs), which sweep
foreign matter out of the pathway. It is only about
1 inch in diameter and 4 ½ inches long.
B. LOWER RESPIRATORY PATHWAY:
TRACHEA BRANCHES:
1. The right primary bronchi
2. The left primary bronchi
Primary Bronchi – Keeps branching.

3. Bronchioles- “Little Bronchi” much like an

inverted tree.
4. Alveoli – It is essentially collapsible, It is
extremely thin walled air sac.
5. Diaphragm – Large muscle that lies flat at
the bottom of the chest cavity, aids in
breathing by moving up and down.
The bronchi…
The bronchi are the
two main branches
at the bottom of
the trachea,
providing
passageway for air
to the lungs. The
trachea divides into
the right bronchus As the branches of the
and the left bronchial tree get smaller,
bronchus, and then the 2 primary bronchi
divides further into become bronchioles, and
the bronchial tree. then very small alveolar
(al VEE ah ler) ducts.
 The left bronchi is
smaller than the right
bronchi, because room is
needed to accommodate
the heart.

If a foreign body is
inhaled or aspirated
(drawn by suction), it
usually lodges in the
larger right bronchi (as
shown in this Xray) or
enters the right lung.
In the presence of infection, the bronchi sometimes
become inflamed, resulting in a diagnosis of
bronchitis.
The lungs…
The lungs are two spongy organs
located in the thorax. They consist
of elastic tissue, filled with an
interlacing network of tubes and
sacs that carry air and blood
vessels that carry blood.

Each lung is divided into lobes,

the right lung into 3 lobes and
the left lung into 2. The left lung
has an indentation called the
cardiac depression or notch…
for placement of the heart.
 At the end of each bronchiole are
the alveoli (al VEE oh lye). The
lungs contain about 300 million
alveoli sacs, which are the air
cells where the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place with the capillaries.
.

Deoxygenated blood comes

in and drops off CO2;
oxygenated blood goes out.
 The base of the lungs rest on
the diaphragm, a muscular
wall separating the thorax
from the abdominal cavity. It
is involved in respiration,
drawing downward in the
chest during inhalation, and
pushing upward during
exhalation.

Tidal volume refers to the amount

of air inhaled or exhaled during
normal breathing… about 500 ml.
Total lung capacity is 3.6-9.4 liters in
an average male.
Pathogens, white cells
and immune proteins
present during an
infection may cause
the air sacs to become
inflamed and filled
with fluid.

This is characteristic of pneumonia. If both lungs are

involved, it is termed as double pneumonia.
If someone is unconscious, it’s possible to aspirate
stomach contents into the lungs, causing aspiration
pneumonia.
 Presented BY:
• Arra Odeza
• Arlene Simeon
• Rhona-Grace R. De Jesus
• Jayson Sarmiento
• John Macapagal