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Polymers, Classifications and Applications

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Polymers, Classifications and Applications

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alihyderabro166
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 02

Polymers or Plastic Materials


•What are organic compounds and
inorganic compounds ??
•What is polymer ??
• What are organic compounds and inorganic compounds ??
• The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds is
that organic compounds always contain carbon while
most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly
all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds.
Polymers
• Polymers are typically Small molecules
organic materials ( which
contain carbon and hydrogen
bonds). A word polymer is Long molecules
used as a synonym for
plastic, the word polymer is
combination of two Greek
words ‘’POLY’’ means many
and ‘’MERS’’ means parts or
units.
• Polymers are very large
molecules made when
hundreds of monomers join
together to form long chains.
Polymer composition
• Most polymers are hydrocarbons i.e made
up of hydrogen and carbon. Arrangement
of monomers in polymers are known as
saturated hydrocarbons means each carbon
bonded to four other atoms.

• Polymers are basically hydrocarbons. But


Polymers also frequently contain
Nitrogen
Fluorine
Silicon
Sulfur
chlorine
Classification of polymers
• Classification of polymers is based on following basis

I. Classification based on source


II. Classification based on structure
III. Classification based on Molecular forces
Classification of polymers

I. Classification based on source


1. Natural polymers
2. Synthetic polymers
I. Classification based on source
1) Natural
polymers: The
definition of a
Natural polymer is
a polymer that
results from only
raw materials that
are found in nature.
Examples of Natural
polymers are :
cotton,wood,
rubber ,wool and
Proteins. etc
2) Synthetic
polymers:
• Man made polymers are
called synthetic polymer.
Synthetic polymers is
the polymer that is
manufactured in
industry from chemical
substances through the
polymerization process.
Examples of synthetic
polymers are:
polyethylene, PVC(PVC
Pipes) ,polyester.
Classification of polymers

II. Classification based on structure


1. Linear chain structure polymer
2. Branched chain structure polymers
3. Cross linked chain structure polymers
4. Network chain structure polymers
II.Classification based on structure
1) Linear chain structure polymer:
Linear polymers are those in which molecules form long chains without
branches.
Eg: PVC.

2) Branched chain structure polymers: Branched chain polymers are


those which contain molecules in linear chains and also having some
branches.
Cont.
• 3) Cross linked chain structure polymers: Cross linked chain polymers
formed from Bi-functional and tri-functional monomers chains and contain
strong covalent bonds as compared to above linear and branched chain
polymers.
• It includes interconnections between chains.

• 4) Network chain structure polymers:


• A polymer that is highly cross linked may
be classified as network chain structure
polymers. These polymeric materials have
distinctive mechanical and thermal properties.
III. Classification based on Molecular forces
• On the basis of molecular forces polymers are classified into two
types
• 1. Thermoplastic polymers
[structure based on linear and branched chain structure]
• 2. Thermosetting polymers
[structure based on cross linked and network chain structure]
1. Thermoplastic polymers
• A type of plastic that can be softened by heat,
hardened by cooling, and then softened by heat
over and over again
• No cross links between chains
• Weak attractive forces between chains broken by
warming
• Weak forces reform in new shape when cold
• Recyclable
• Only secondary bonds between the molecules.
• Examples are polyethylene (C2H4 ) ,
Polypropylene (C3H6 ), Poly vinyl chloride (pvc).
2. Thermosetting Polymers
• Thermosetting polymers having the property of
becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated.
• Thermosetting polymers are hard and rigid at room
temperature and do not soften on heating.
• Extensive cross- linking
• Cannot be reshaped/recycled.
• Primary and secondary both types of bonds are present
in that type of polymers.
• They retain their strength and shape even when heated.
Polymerization
• Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together
in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or
polymer chains.
• There are two types of polymerization.
• 1. Addition polymerization.
[ in this type of polymerization monomers contain same type of bonds
in chains e.g C=C bonds ]
2. Condensation polymerization.
[ In this type of polymerization reaction in chain of monomers there is
also addition of another simple by product in that reaction].
Applications of Polymers
• Industry: Automobile parts (air filter, car bumper), pipes, tanks, packing
material etc are all polymer application used in industrial market.

• Consumer science: Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight
and economically less expensive than more traditional containers.

• Medicine: Many biomaterials especially heart valve replacements and blood


vessels are made up of polymers like, Teflon (Teflon is a type of polymer).

• Sports: Playground equipment's such as golf clubs protecting helmets etc are
manufactured from polymers.
Advantages and disadvantages of polymers
Advantages Disadvantages
• Low density • When polymers incorporated with
• Stiffness ( a mechanical property additives are burnt they emit a lot of
means high elastic limit) poisonous gases into the
atmosphere.
• Resistance to corrosion
• Low heat resistance
• Flexible
• Easily breakable
• Cheaper to manufacturer
• Recycled polymers are expensive
• Recyclable
NEXT LECTURE
METHODS OF POLYMER
PROCESSING

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