Network Communication LO3

Technology& Internet Architecture

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 COMPUTER NETWORK
computer network: two or more computers that are connected with one
another for the purpose of communicating data electronically. Besides
physically connecting computer and communication devices.
Seven layers of the OSI model

2.8
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.9
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.10
OSI Model Layers
Layer - 7 Application
Application
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation or
Layer - 5 Session Software Layer
Session
Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI

Layer - 3 Network
Network
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
DataLink
Link or
Layer - 1 Physical Hardware Layer
Physical
Application Layer

Application Application Layer is responsible for providing

Application
Networking Services to the user.
Presentation
Presentation It is also known as Desktop Layer. Identification of
Services is done using Port Numbers.
Session
Session
Transport Ports are Entry and Exit Points to the Layer
Transport
Network
Network Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Data Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
DataLink
Link
Open Client Ports 1024 – 65535
Physical
Physical
Application Layer Protocol
Different applications use different protocols
 Web Servers/Browsers use HTTP
 File Transfer Utilities use FTP
 Electronic Mail applications use SMTP
 Naming Servers use DNS

Interacts with transport layer to send messages

 Choose the transport layer protocol
 Fix transport layer parameters, such as, buffer/segment sizes
Data flow from Application Layer
Application
Application Data
80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer: is responsible for converting
Application
Application data into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG,
Session
Session BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at Presentation layer
Network
Network :
Data
DataLink
Link
Encoding – Decoding
Physical
Physical Encryption – Decryption
Compression – Decompression
Data flow from Presentation Layer
Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Session Layer
Session Layer is responsible for establishing,
Application
Application maintaining and terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID works at Session Layer.

Session
Session
Transport
Transport Examples :

Network
Network RPC  Remote Procedure Call
Data
DataLink
Link SQL  Structured Query Language
NFS  Network File System
Physical
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer
Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

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Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Transport Layer

Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end

Application
Application connectivity.
Presentation
Presentation It is also known as the heart of OSI Layers.
Following tasks are performed at the Transport
Session
Session Layer : -
Transport
Transport
• Identifying Service
Network
Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
Data
DataLink
Link • Segmentation
Physical
Physical • Sequencing & Reassembling
• Error Correction
• Flow Control
 Internet Transport Protocols: TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- Connection Oriented Service (requires - No guarantee of a minimum
handshake) transmission rate
 Duplex
- Suitable for reliability critical/ non
 Simplex time critical applications
- Reliable Data Transfer  FTP
 Guaranteed delivery of packets  SMTP
 Telnet
- Congestion Control  HTTP
 Throttles process when network is
congested
 Internet Transport Protocols: UDP

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) No congestion control

 Application can pump as many
Lightweight transport protocol
packets over the socket as it chooses
Connectionless (no handshake)
Suitable for loss-tolerant time critical
Unreliable data transport service applications
 No acknowledgements (lost packets  Audio/Video streaming
not resent)  Internet Telephony
Messages may arrive out of order
 Identifying Service
TCP UDP

• Transmission Control Protocol • User Datagram Protocol

• Connection Oriented • Connection Less

• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement

• Reliable • Unreliable

• Slower • Faster

• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17

• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP

Data flow from Transport Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport TH Data
Segment

Network
Network
Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Network Layer
Network Layer is responsible for
Application
Application providing best path for data to reach the
Presentation
Presentation destination. Logical Addressing works
on this layer. Router is a Network Layer
Session
Session device.

Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts
Network
Network • Routed Protocols

Data
DataLink
Link e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
• Routing Protocols
Physical
Physical
e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP
Data flow from Network Layer
Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

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Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport

Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet
NH Segment

Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Datalink Layer
Datalink Layer is divided into two Sub Layers :
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation • LLC – Logical Link Control
It talks about Wan protocols e.g. PPP, HDLC,
Session
Session Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
Data It is a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal
DataLink
Link
Number.
Physical
Physical It is also responsible for Error Detection
Devices working on Data Link Layer are
Switch, Bridge, NIC.
Data flow from Data Link Layer
Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

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Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network

Network Packet

Data
DataLink
Link Frame
DH Packet DT

Physical
Physical
Physical Layer
Physical Layer is responsible for electrical,
Application
Application mechanical and procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation - Data will be converted into Binary (i.e) 0’s & 1’s.
- Data will be in the form of electrical pulses if it is
Session
Session Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in the form of Light
Transport if it is Fiber Optic Cable.
Transport
Network
Network Devices working at Physical Layer are Hubs,
Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.
Data
DataLink
Link
Physical
Physical
Data flow from Physical Layer
Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

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Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data

DataLink
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers
OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

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Session
Session
Transport
Transport Transport
Transport
Network
Network Internet
Internet
Data
DataLink
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical