1D Simulation on Power

Propulsion Systems
GT-Suite Learning
Exercise 3
Qiang (Jonny) Cheng

30.Mar.2023
https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/
How Do Internal Combustion Engines Work?

Picture from: https://animagraffs.com/how-a-car-engine-works/

How Do Internal Combustion Engines Work?

Video from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQvfHyfgBtA&t=144s

Engine Combustion Modes
SI Engine Types
Key Factors for SI Engine
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI): Instead of injecting the
fuel in the port, fuel is getting injected in the cylinder. In
the GDI system, there are no scavenging losses. Because
the fuel is getting injected once after the inlet valve gets
closed. This avoids overlapping.
Limiting factor for SI engine power: SI engines are
prone to knocking. Knocking is caused due to abnormal
combustion. Due to this, in-cylinder pressure increases
and leads to fluctuations. This leads to damage of Piston
components.
Reasons for Knocking :
→ Due to high in-cylinder pressures and temperatures.
→ Due to high compression ratios
→ Due to high boosting
→ Due to the low octane number of fuel used
Engine Conponents

https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/solutions/powertrain/gasoline/gasoline-direct-
injection/
Main part of a SI Engine

https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/essential-performance/smartstream/
Optimal Airflow Control

https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/essential-performance/smartstream/
Dual Fuel Injection + Center Injection
Water-cooled Intercooler
Heat and Friction Control
For example, when a car starts, all valve channels are
shut to prevent the dissipation of heat, and this quickly
raises the engine temperature. This way, the engine
arrives sooner at the temperature at which the engine
oil’s viscosity is at the optimal point, with the reduced
friction contributing to fuel economy. In another
situation, the car may be traveling at high speeds,
burdening the engine with large loads and even
causing an engine knock. In this case, the valves work
to quickly dissipate the heat and lower the engine
temperature, alleviating the knocking issue and again
improving fuel economy.

Integrated Thermal Management System (ITMS) is not

just about regulating engine temperature, though; as
already established, it can also regulate the coolant
flow to the heater according to the driving conditions
and the driver’s intent, improving the heating and air
conditioning performance as well as efficiency.
Reducing Exhaust, Improving
Fuel Economy
• Another important virtue of a good
engine is minimizing exhaust gas. The
exhaust gas includes high levels of
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) when the
combustion environment is high-
temperature.
• EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
recirculates some of the exhaust gas
back to the engine, thus reducing the
temperature in the combustion chamber
and, consequently, the NOx emissions.
Internal Combustion Engine 1D Simulation
Internal Combustion Engine 1D Simulation
Engine Specifications
Engine specifications

New engine New engine for HV

Displacement (cc) 2,487 2,487
Bore x stroke (mm) Φ87.5x103.4 Φ87.5x103.4
Compression ratio 13 14
Injection system D-4S D-4S
Max. Power
151/6600 130/5700
(kW/rpm)
Max. Torque
250/4800 220/3600-5200
(Nm/rpm)
LEVⅢ
Emissions control LEVⅢ (SULEV30)
(SULEV30)

https://global.toyota/en/powertrain/engine/
Output of the Engine
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Engine Specification

New engine New engine for HV

Displacement (cc) 2,487 2,487
Bore x stroke (mm) Φ87.5x103.4 Φ87.5x103.4
Compression ratio 13 14
Injection system D-4S D-4S
Max. Power
151/6600 130/5700
(kW/rpm)
Max. Torque
250/4800 220/3600-5200
(Nm/rpm)
LEVⅢ
Emissions control LEVⅢ (SULEV30)
(SULEV30)
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Initial State in Cylinder
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Intake Valve Setting
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Exhaust Valve Setting
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Trubocharger Setting
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Wastegate Controller
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Intercooler
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Exhaust Pipe
 LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
Simulation Variables

Variables Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9 Case 10 Case 11 Case 12
Engine 2000 4000 6000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
Speed,RPM

Compressio 12 12 12 13 14 15 14 14 14 14 14 14
n Ratio

Injector 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 30 35 25 25 25
Delivery
Rate, g/s

Fuel Air 0.077 0.091 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085
Ratio

IC Coolant 300 300 300 300 300 300 310 310 310 300 300 300
Temperature
,K

Ambient 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298
Temperature
,K

Turbo initial 120000 140000 160000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 140000 150000 160000
Speed, RPM
LE3a 1D-ICE Simulation
1. Briefly explain how does the spark ignition (SI) engine work, how to improve the engine efficiency and
reduce the emissions.
2. From the energy aspect, do you agree to ban the engine? Why?
3. Try to adjust the parameters in GT-Suite software according to the variables table, do the simulation
and answer the following questions according to your simulation results:
• How does the engine speed affect the engine performance?
• How does compression ratio affect the engine performance and efficiency?
• If improve the engine load, what will happen?
• How does the turbo initial speed affect the engine performance at a fixed engine speed and load?
Note, to answer the question in question 3, you need to plot your results and briefly explain the results.
How Do Fuel Cells Work?

Picture from: https://www.ehydra.in/2022/11/fuel-cell-basics.html Picture from: https://www.fuelcellstore.com/blog-section/fuel-cell-

characterization
How Do Fuel Cells Work?

Picture from: https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work

Fuel Cell vs Engine
Fuel Diversity and Uses
Fuel Cell Electric Technology
Hydrogen Fuel Cell 1D Simulation
Hydrogen Fuel Cell 1D Simulation
Hydrogen Fuel Cell 1D Simulation
1D Simulation

https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/how-
safe-are-hydrogen-fuel-cell-systems-the-heart-
of-fcevs/
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
H2 Tank
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Fuel Cell Stack
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Fuel Cell Stack
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Humidifier
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Heat Exchanger
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Cathode Pressure Control
LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Motor Generator
 LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Compressor & Turbine
 LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
Simulation Variables

Variables Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9 Case 10 Case 11 Case 12
Ambient Air 268 298 323 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298
Temp., K

Air Coolant 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Temp., K

H2 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
Pressure,
Bar

Number of 450 450 450 400 500 600 400 400 400 400 400 400
Cell

Current 150 150 150 200 200 200 100 200 300 200 200 200
Output, A

Initial 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Thermostat
Temp., K

Active 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 300 350 400
Surface
Area, cm^2
 LE3b 1D-FC Simulation
1. Briefly explain how does the Fuel Cell work, why the efficiency of the FC is decreasing with the increase
of the load?
2. From the long-term energy aspect, do you think the fuel cell will be the optimal solution for the
transportation to mitigate the green house gas emission? Why?
3. Try to adjust the parameters in GT-Suite software according to the variables table, do the simulation
and answer the following questions according to your simulation results:
• How does the ambient temperature affects the FC performance?
• How does number of cells affect the FC performance and efficiency?
• How does current output (load) affects the FC performance and efficiency?
• How does the active surface area of the fuel cell stack affects the FC performance?
• If you design a new fuel cell, which parameter would be your main consideration?
Note, to answer the question in question 3, you need to plot your results and briefly explain the results.