UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name: Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems
Subject Code: 21CST-378/21ITT-378

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems
Course Outcomes
CO1: Understanding of various paradigm of cloud computing
and distributed systems.
CO2: Articulate the basic concepts, key technologies,
strength and limitation of cloud computing and possible
applications.
CO3: Appraise the architecture and infrastructure of cloud
computing including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, UCaaS/FaaS public
cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud.
CO4: Interpret various data, scalability, security and cloud
services to acquire efficient database for cloud storage.
CO5: Develop the appropriate cloud computing solutions
and recommendations according to the application used.
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Cloud Computing &
Distributed Systems

Contents
1. Introduction to Cloud
Computing
2. Deployment models of
Cloud: Public versus Private
Clouds
3. Services offered by Cloud
4. Risk Related to Cloud
Computing
5. Virtualization in Cloud
Computing

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Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 2
CLOUD COMPUTING

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 Introduction to Cloud Computing (CO2)

What is Cloud?

The term Cloud refers to a Network or

Internet. In other words, we can say
that Cloud is something, which is
present at remote location. Cloud can
provide services over public and
private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or
VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web
conferencing, customer relationship
management (CRM) execute on cloud.
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Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and
accessing the applications online.

It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and

hardware based computing resources delivered as a
network service.
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Properties and Characteristics
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1. Online Data Storage : Cloud computing allows storing data like files, images, audios, and videos, etc on the cloud storage. The organization
need not set physical storage systems to store a huge volume of business data which costs so high nowadays. As they are growing
technologically, data generation is also growing with respect to time, and storing that becoming problem. In that situation, Cloud storage
is providing this service to store and access data any time as per requirement.

2. Backup and Recovery : Cloud vendors provide security from their side by storing safe to the data as well as providing a backup facility to the
data. They offer various recovery application for retrieving the lost data. In the traditional way backup of data is a very complex problem and
also it is very difficult sometimes impossible to recover the lost data. But cloud computing has made backup and recovery applications very
easy where there is no fear of running out of backup media or loss of data.

3. Bigdata Analysis : We know the volume of big data is so high where storing that in traditional data management system for an organization is
impossible. But cloud computing has resolved that problem by allowing the organizations to store their large volume of data in cloud storage
without worrying about physical storage. Next comes analyzing the raw data and finding out insights or useful information from it is a big
challenge as it requires high-quality tools for data analytics. Cloud computing provides the biggest facility to organizations in terms of storing
and analyzing big data.

4. Testing and development : Setting up the platform for development and finally performing different types of testing to check the readiness
of the product before delivery requires different types of IT resources and infrastructure. But Cloud computing provides the easiest approach
for development as well as testing even if deployment by using their IT resources with minimal expenses. Organizations find it more helpful as
they got scalable and flexible cloud services for product development, testing, and deployment.

5. Anti-Virus Applications : Previously, organizations were installing antivirus software within their system even if we will see we personally also
keep antivirus software in our system for safety from outside cyber threats. But nowadays cloud computing provides cloud antivirus software
which means the software is stored in the cloud and monitors your system/organization’s system remotely. This antivirus software identifies
the security risks and fixes them. Sometimes also they give a feature to download the software.
6. E-commerce Application : Cloud-based e-commerce allows responding quickly to the opportunities which are emerging. Users respond
quickly to the market opportunities as well as the traditional e-commerce responds to the challenges quickly. Cloud-based e-commerce gives a
new approach to doing business with the minimum amount as well as minimum time possible. Customer data, product data, and other
operational systems are managed in cloud environments . 22
7. Cloud computing in education : Cloud computing in the education sector brings an unbelievable change in learning by providing
e-learning, online distance learning platforms, and student information portals to the students. It is a new trend in education that
provides an attractive environment for learning, teaching, experimenting, etc to students, faculty members, and researchers.
Everyone associated with the field can connect to the cloud of their organization and access data and information from there.

8. E-Governance Application : Cloud computing can provide its services to multiple activities conducted by the government. It can
support the government to move from the traditional ways of management and service providers to an advanced way of
everything by expanding the availability of the environment, making the environment more scalable and customized. It can help
the government to reduce the unnecessary cost in managing, installing, and upgrading applications and doing all these with help of
could computing and utilizing that money public service.

9. Cloud Computing in Medical Fields : In the medical field also nowadays cloud computing is used for storing and accessing the
data as it allows to store data and access it through the internet without worrying about any physical setup. It facilitates easier
access and distribution of information among the various medical professional and the individual patients. Similarly, with help of
cloud computing offsite buildings and treatment facilities like labs, doctors making emergency house calls and ambulances
information, etc can be easily accessed and updated remotely instead of having to wait until they can access a hospital computer.

10. Entertainment Applications : Many people get entertainment from the internet, in that case, cloud computing is the perfect
place for reaching to a varied consumer base. Therefore different types of entertainment industries reach near the target audience
by adopting a multi-cloud strategy. Cloud-based entertainment provides various entertainment applications such as online
music/video, online games and video conferencing, streaming services, etc and it can reach any device be it TV, mobile, set-top
box, or any other form. It is a new form of entertainment called On-Demand Entertainment (ODE). With respect to this as a cloud,
the market is growing rapidly and it is providing various services day by day. So other application of cloud computing includes social
applications, management application, business applications, art application, and many more. So in the future cloud computing is
going to touch many more sectors by providing more applications and services.
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How does cloud computing work

Assume that you are an executive at a very big corporation. Your particular responsibilities include to make sure that all
of your employees have the right hardware and software they need to do their jobs. To buy computers for everyone is
not enough. You also have to purchase software as well as software licenses and then provide these softwares to your
employees as they require. Whenever you hire a new employee, you need to buy more software or make sure your
current software license allows another user. It is so stressful that you have to spend lots of money.
But, there may be an alternative for executives like you. So, instead of installing a suite of software for each computer,
you just need to load one application. That application will allow the employees to log-in into a Web-based service
which hosts all the programs for the user that is required for his/her job. Remote servers owned by another company
and that will run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It is called cloud
computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.
In a cloud computing system, there is a significant workload shift. Local computers have no longer to do all the heavy
lifting when it comes to run applications. But cloud computing can handle that much heavy load easily and
automatically. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer
requires to be able to run is the cloud computing interface software of the system, which can be as simple as a Web
browser and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

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 COMMUNITY CLOUD
A community cloud is a cloud infrastructure in which multiple organizations share resources and services based on common
operational and regulatory requirements. The concept of a community cloud is akin to a community garden, where different
individuals grow produce on a single piece of shared land. Community clouds are a recent phenomenon compared to other
cloud models such as public, private, and hybrid clouds. The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the world to embrace a remote
work setup across industry verticals. It has left sectors such as education and healthcare scrambling to move completely online,
which they were not ready for. This accelerated cloud adoption, with Gartner predicting that worldwide public cloud adoption
will increase by 18% in 2021.

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 Benefits of a community cloud
1. Cost-effectiveness: As mentioned earlier, the cost-effectiveness of setting up a community cloud vs. a private cloud
is a compelling reason for organizations such as educational institutions to consider this shift. A community cloud allows users
to connect to the same environment, with their sessions segmented logically. This removes the need to have separate servers
to fulfill the same requirements across organizations.

2. Regulatory compliance: Privacy-related regulatory laws are new and constantly evolving. They vary at a global, national,
and regional level. For example, California has already implemented the Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), while other states
simply follow suit. By banding together under the community cloud umbrella, the common interpretation and
implementation of these laws can be ensured. This drastically reduces vulnerability to legal action.

3. Industry-based security requirements: Regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
for healthcare and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) for the payment industry require companies to
store and transfer data in specific ways. The expertise and technology to implement these security requirements cannot be
avoided. This is where community cloud members help each other by sharing expertise.

4. High availability: The lure of cloud solutions lies in the fact that most come with high availability, meaning downtime is low
or nonexistent. This holds true for community clouds as well.

5. More control: Many enterprises opt for private clouds over public ones because of the need for transparency and control.
While public clouds make setup, scalability, and maintenance much easier than on-premise solutions, they come at the cost
of control. Community clouds provide organizations with the best of both cloud models. 28
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 Grid Computing
Grid computing is a computing infrastructure that combines computer resources spread over different geographical locations to
achieve a common goal. All unused resources on multiple computers are pooled together and made available for a single task.
Organizations use grid computing to perform large tasks or solve complex problems that are difficult to do on a single computer.
For example, meteorologists use grid computing for weather modeling. Weather modeling is a computation-intensive problem
that requires complex data management and analysis. Processing massive amounts of weather data on a single computer is
slow and time consuming. That’s why meteorologists run the analysis over geographically dispersed grid computing
infrastructure and combine the results.

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What is cluster computing?
Cluster computing describes a network system comprised of homogeneous
computers. Homogeneous computers have the same hardware and software.
You can connect them to a high-speed local network to create a computer
cluster that runs similar tasks. A centralized server controls and coordinates the
machines.
Cluster computing compared to grid computing
Cluster computing has rigid and specific hardware, tasks, and control structure.
Meanwhile, grid computing is flexible in terms of resource sharing. Computers
on a grid network work independently and are not obliged to share resources.
They have a resource manager that shares unused resources during runtime.
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Cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the information in cloud and access it from
anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud
computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat
clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide cloud computing
services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic
control mechanisms, etc.

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Important Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
1. Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a front-end component that provides a GUI. It helps users to interact
with the Cloud.
2. Application: The application can be any software or platform which a client wants to access.
3. Service: The service component manages which type of service you can access according to the client’s
requirements.
Three Cloud computing services are: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS)
4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud offers the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.
5. Storage: Storage is another important Cloud computing architecture component. It provides a large amount of
storage capacity in the Cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure: It offers services on the host level, network level, and application level. Cloud infrastructure
includes hardware and software components like servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and
various other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.
7. Management: This component manages components like application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, and other security matters in the backend. It also establishes coordination between them.
8. Security: Security in the backend refers to implementing different security mechanisms for secure Cloud systems,
resources, files, and infrastructure to the end-user.
9. Internet: Internet connection acts as the bridge or medium between frontend and backend. It allows you to
establish the interaction and communication between the frontend and backend.

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Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture
Following are the cloud computing architecture benefits:

1. Makes the overall Cloud computing system simpler.

2. Helps to enhance your data processing.
3. Provides high security.
4. It has better disaster recovery.
5. Offers good user accessibility.
6. Significantly reduces IT operating costs.

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Hybrid cloud computing
A hybrid cloud is a type of cloud computing that combines on-premises infrastructure—or a private cloud—with a public cloud.
Hybrid clouds allow data and apps to move between the two environments.
Many organizations choose a hybrid cloud approach due to business imperatives such as meeting regulatory and data sovereignty
requirements, taking full advantage of on-premises technology investment, or addressing low latency issues.
The hybrid cloud is evolving to include edge workloads as well. Edge computing brings the computing power of the cloud to IoT
devices—closer to where the data resides. By moving workloads to the edge, devices spend less time communicating with the
cloud, reducing latency, and they are even able to operate reliably in extended offline periods.
Advantages of the hybrid cloud:

Control—your organization can maintain a private infrastructure for sensitive assets or workloads that require low latency.
Flexibility—you can take advantage of additional resources in the public cloud when you need them.
Cost-effectiveness—with the ability to scale to the public cloud, you pay for extra computing power only when needed.
Ease—transitioning to the cloud doesn’t have to be overwhelming because you can migrate gradually—phasing in workloads
over time.

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 Summary

Cloud Computing Architecture is a combination of components required for a Cloud

Computing service.
The front-end part is used by the client that contains client-side interfaces and applications,
which are important to access the Cloud computing platforms.
The service provider uses the back-end part to manage all the needed resources to provide
Cloud computing services.
Components of Cloud Computers are 1) Client Infrastructure, 2) Application, 3) Service, 4)
Runtime Cloud, 5) Storage, 6) Infrastructure, 7) Management, 8) Security, and 9) Internet.
Cloud computing makes a complete Cloud computing system simpler.
Virtualization is the partitioning of a single physical server into multiple logical servers.

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 QUIZ
1. What is Cloud Computing?
a) Cloud Computing means providing services like storage, servers, database, networking, etc
b) Cloud Computing means storing data in a database
c) Cloud Computing is a tool used to create an application
d) None of the mentioned

2. Who is the father of cloud computing?

a) Sharon B. Codd b) Edgar Frank Codd c) J.C.R. Licklider d) Charles Bachman

3. Which of the following is not a type of cloud server?

a) Public Cloud Servers
b) Private Cloud Servers
c) Dedicated Cloud Servers
d) Merged Cloud Servers

4. Which of the following are the features of cloud computing?

a) Security
b) Availability
c) Large Network Access
d) All of the mentioned

5. Which of the following is a type of cloud computing service?

a) Service-as-a-Software (SaaS)
b) Software-and-a-Server (SaaS)
c) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
d) Software-as-a-Server (SaaS)
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 REFERENCES
TEXT BOOKS
1. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach by Toby Velte, Anthony Velte, Robert C. Elsenpeter, McGraw Hill Professional, 22 Oct 2009
2. Buyya, Rajkumar, James Broberg, and Andrzej M. Goscinski, eds. Cloud computing: Principles and paradigms. Vol. 87. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
3. Miller, Michael. Cloud computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online. Que publishing, 2008.
4. Hurwitz, Judith S., et al. Cloud computing for dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
5. Kris Jamsa. Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Virtualization, Business Models, Mobile, Security and more, Jones &Bartlet Learning Company LC, 20012
REFRENCE BOOKS
1. G. Pfister. In Search of Clusters. Prentice Hall PTR, NJ, 2nd Edition, NJ, 1998.
2. Cloud Computing: Implementation, Management, and Security, by John Rittinghouse and James F.Ransome, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group
3. Joshy Joseph and Craig Fellenstein, Grid Computing, Person Edition, (2004).
4. Maozhen Li, Mark Baker, “The Grid Core Technologies”, John Wiley & Sons (2005).
5. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach for Learning and Implementation Paperback – 1 January 2014 by Srinivasan, Pearson Education
Video Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3FPxuKlnkU&list=PLFW6lRTa1g82dte3YD_7-GoZXcBiK6K9G
Web Links
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-a-distributed-system/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-cloud-computing-and-distributed-computing/
3. https://www.ibm.com/topics/distributed-cloud
4. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing/
5. https://learn.rumie.org/jR/bytes/learn-the-basics-of-cloud-computing-in-3-minutes/?
utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=RumieLearn-Bytes%20%28non-NA%29&utm_term=cloud%20computing&utm_content=TS 49
%20-%20Computing%20In%20Cloud%20Computing
THANK YOU