CH-1

AN INTRODUCTION
TO ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
 Introduction to AI : Basics of AI
• NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence :
Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways
that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection,
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety
of tasks, enable connectivity and enhance productivity.
• World Economic Forum :
It holds the promise of solving some of the most pressing issues facing society, but also presents
challenges such as inscrutable “black box” algorithms, unethical use of data and potential job
displacement.
• European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision :
some markets, sectors and individual businesses are more advanced than others, AI is still at a
relatively early stage of development, so that the range of potential applications, and the quality of
most existing applications, have ample margins left for further development and improvement.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica :
The term AI is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the
intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning,
generalize, or learn from past experience.
KWLH Chart
 AI, ML & DL
As you have been progressing towards building AI readiness, you must have come across a
very common dilemma between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
Many times, these terms are used interchangeably but are they the same? Is there no
difference in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence? Is Deep Learning (DL) Also
Artificial Intelligence? What exactly is Deep Learning? Let us see.
◦ Artificial Intelligence (AI) It refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human intelligence. It gives the ability to machines to recognize a human’s
face; to move and manipulate objects; to understand the voice commands by humans,
and also do other tasks. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute
what they have been asked for intelligently.
◦ Machine Learning (ML) It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables
machines to improve at tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine
Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using the provided data and
make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.
◦ Deep Learning (DL) It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data. In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data
which helps it in training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough
to develop algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of
Artificial Intelligence out of these three.
 Introduction to AI Domains

Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets. For
training, the machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI
algorithm is being developed, the data which is fed into it changes. With respect to the
type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorised into three
domains:
 Data Sciences
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the
system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of
them. The information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision
about it.
Example of Data Science
Price Comparison Websites
These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data.
If you have ever used these websites, you would know,
the convenience of comparing the price of a product
from multiple vendors at one place. PriceGrabber,
PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are some
examples of price comparison websites. Now a days,
price comparison website can be found in almost every
domain such as technology, hospitality, automobiles,
durables, apparels etc.
 Computer Vision
CV is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a machine to get and analyse visual information
and afterwards predict some decisions about it. The entire process involves image acquiring,
screening, analysing, identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing helps
computers to understand any visual content and act on it accordingly. In computer vision, Input to
machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared sensors, indicators and
different sources

Example of Computer Vision

Price Comparison Websites
 Natural Language Processing
NLP is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans
using the natural language. Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people, and
natural language processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the spoken and written word using
algorithms. The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make sense of the human
languages in a manilr that is valuable.

Example of NLP
Email filters
Email filters are one of the most basic and initial
applications of NLP online. It started out with
spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases
that signal a spam message.
 AI Ethics
Nowadays, we are moving from the Information era to Artificial Intelligence era.
Now we do not use data or information, but the intelligence collected from the
data to build solutions. These solutions can even recommend the next TV show
or movies you should watch on Netflix. Let us understand some of the ethical
concerns in detail.
 Scenario 1:

Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which are just a concept in today’s time are now on
roads. People like us are buying them for ease and are using it for our daily transits. Of-course because of all the
features which this car has, it is expensive. Now, let us assume, one day your father is going to office in his self-
driving car. He is sitting in the back seat as the car is driving itself. Suddenly, a small boy comes in front of this
car. The incident was so sudden that the car is only able to make either of the two choices:

1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him severely.
2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole thus damaging the car as well as
injuring the person sitting in it.

With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that the developer of the car goes through all such
dilemmas while developing the car’s algorithm. Thus, here the morality of the developer gets transferred into the
machine as what according to him/her is right would have a higher priority and hence would be the selection
made by the machine.

If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no other alternative to the situation, which one
of the two would you prioritise and why?
 Scenario 2:

Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy who came in front of it. Considering this
as an accident, who should be held responsible for it? Why?
1. The person who bought this car
2. The Manufacturing Company
3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm
4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely injured
 Data Privacy

The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small or big is
mining data from as many sources as possible. More than 70% of the data collected till now has been
collected in the last 3 years which shows how important data has become in recent times. It is not
wrongly said that Data is the new gold. This makes us think:

Q1. Where do we collect data from?

Q2. Why do we need to collect data?

One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all of us have in our
hands all the time: Smartphones.

Feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us with customised recommendations and
notifications according to our choices.
Let us understand this with the help of some examples:
1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on an app like WhatsApp. You tell
your friend that you wish to buy new shoes and are looking for suggestions from him/her. You
discuss about shoes and that is it. After some time, the online shopping websites start giving you
notifications to buy shoes! They start recommending some of their products and urge you to you
buy some.
2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other destination, just after the search, all the
apps on your phone which support advertisements, will start sending messages about packages that
you can buy for the trip.
3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a person face-to-face about a book you’ve
read recently while the phone is kept in a locked mode nearby, the phone will end up giving
notifications about similar books or messages about the same book once you operate it.