11th grade

STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
2nd Semester
SY 2023 - 2024
Table of contents

01 02
Random Variables & Normal Distributions
Probability Distributions

03 04
Sampling & Sampling Estimation of Parameters
Distributions
Table of contents

05 06
Tests of Hypothesis Correlation and Regression
Analyses
 Random
Variable &
Probability
Distribution
 01
Random Variables
 01
Random Variables
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrates a random variable (discrete
and continuous).
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a
continuous random variable.
3. Finds the possible values of a random
variable.
Explore & Learn
Definition
A VARIABLE is any information, attributes,
characteristics, number, or quantity that can
be measured or counted.

A VARIABLE can be qualitative or

quantitative; and a quantitative can be either
be discrete or continuous.
Definition
A DISCRETE VARIABLE is a quantitative
variable whose value can only be attained
through counting.

It can be finite in number of possible values

or countably infinite if the counting process
has no end.
Definition
In an experiment, the outcome is said to be
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE if the
experiment has only countable or countably
infinite number of outcomes. No other
outcome exists between two consecutive
outcomes.
Definition
The set of all possible outcomes in an
experiment is called SAMPLE SPACE.
Example
The following are some examples of discrete
variables:
a. The number of registered cars.
b. The number of children in a family.
Definition
A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE is a
quantitative variable that can assume an
infinitely many, uncountable number of real
number values.
The value given to an observation can
include values as small as the instrument of
measurement allows.
Definition
In an experiment, the outcome is said to be
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE if an
outcome can take an uncountable infinite
number of possible outcomes within a
specified real number interval.
Here, it is always possible to have an
outcome between any two existing ones.
Example
The following are some examples of
continuous variables:
a. The distance traveled by a vehicle.
b. The exact age of a person.
Exercises 1
 Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.

1. the number of defective computers produced by

a manufacturer
2. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
3. the number of siblings in a family of a region
4. the amount of paint utilized in a building
project
 Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.

5. the number of dropout in a school district for a

period of 10 years
6. the speed of a car
7. the number of female athletes
8. the time needed to finish the test
9. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
Exercises 2
 Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.

1. the number of people who are playing LOTTO

each day
2. the number of accidents per year at an
intersection
3. the number of voters favoring a candidate
4. the number of bushels of apples per hectare this
year
Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.

5. Time required for a vehicle to cover 20km.

6. Number of airplanes in an airport.
7. Population of ants inside a cave.
8. Headcount of animals in a zoo.
9. Volume of water.
10. Number of times you asked questions to your
teacher.
Definition

The POSSIBLE VALUES OF A RANDOM

VARIABLE are values that are obtained
from functions that assign a real number to
each point of sample space.
Activity 1
Defective Cell Phones

Suppose three cell phones are tested randomly. We want to

find out the number of defective cellphones that occur. Thus,
to each outcome in the sample space we shall adding a value.
There are 0,1,2,or 3. If there is no defective cell phone, we
assign the number 0; if there are 1 defective cell phone, we
assign 1; if there are two defective cell phone, we assign the
number 2; and 3, if there are three defective cell phones. The
number of defective cell phones is a random variable. The
possible values of this random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represent the
non-defective cell phone. If we let X be the random variable
representing the number of defective cell phones, can you show
the values of the random variable X? Complete the table
below to show the values of the random variable.
Values of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(No. of defective cell phones)
Solution:
Values of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(No. of defective cell phones)
Solution:
Values of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(No. of defective cell phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3
TOTAL = 8
Definition

A RANDOM VARIABLE is a function that

associates a real number to each element in
the sample space. It is a variable whose
values are determined by chance.
Activity 2
Tossing Three Coins Possible Values of the
Outcomes Random Variable Y

Suppose three coins are

tossed. Let Y be the
random variable
representing the
number of tails that
occur. Find the values
of the random variable
Y and complete the
 Possible Values of the
Tossing Three Coins Outcomes Random Variable Y
HHH 0
Suppose three coins are HHT 1
tossed. Let Y be the HTH 1
random variable THH 1
representing the HTT 2
THT 2
number of tails that
TTH 2
occur. Find the values
TTT 3
of the random variable TOTAL = 8
Y and complete the
Activity 3
Drawing Balls from an Urn Values of
Possible
the Random
Outcomes
Two balls are drawn in Variable z
succession without replacement
from an urn containing 5 red
balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be
the random variable
representing the number of
blue balls. Find the values of
the random variable Z and
complete the table.
Drawing Balls from an Urn Values of
Possible
the Random
Outcomes
Two balls are drawn in Variable z
succession without replacement RR 0
from an urn containing 5 red RB 1
balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be BR 1
the random variable BB 2
representing the number of TOTAL = 4
blue balls. Find the values of
the random variable Z and
complete the table.
 02
Constructing
Probability
Distributions
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate a probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its properties;
2. computes probabilities corresponding to a
given random variable; and
3. construct the probability mass function of
a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram.
Activity 1
Number of Tails
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the probability of each of
the values of the random variable Y.
Number of Tails
Step 2:
Step 1: Possible Values of the
Outcomes Random Variable Y
SOLUTION
The sample space for
this experiment is:
S = {TTT, TTH, THT,
HTT, HHT, HTH, TTH,
HHH}
Number of Tails Step 3:
Step 2: Values of the
Possible
Random Variable Number Probability
Outcomes of Tails Y P(Y)
Y
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
Number of Tails Step 3:
Step 2: Values of the
Possible
Random Variable Number Probability
Outcomes of Tails Y P(Y)
Y
TTT 3 0
TTH 2 1
THT 2 2
HTT 2 3
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
Definition

A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTION is a function that shows the
relative probability that each outcome of an
experiment will happen.
Definition

A DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR A PROBABILITY
MASS FUNCTION consisting of the values a
random variable can assume and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
 The Probability Distribution or the Probability
Mass Function of Discrete Random Variable Z.

Number of Blue Balls (Z) 0 1 2

Probability P(Z)
The Histogram for the Probability Distribution
of the Discrete Random Variable Z.

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2
Definition

A PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM consisting

of the values a random variable can assume
and the corresponding probabilities of the
values.
Assignment
Construct the probability distribution for the random
variables described in each of the following situations. Draw
the corresponding histogram for each probability
distribution.
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of heads that occur. Find
the values of the random variable Z.
Computing the Mean of a
Discrete Probability
Distribution
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrates and calculate the mean of a
discrete random variable;
2. Interpret the mean of a discrete
random variable and;
3. Solve problems involving mean of
probability distributions.
Activity 1
Number of Spots

Consider rolling a die. What is the

average number of spots that would
appear?
Definition
The MEAN of discrete random variables
also known as the expected value, is the
weighted average of all possible values
of the random variables. The symbols
used for the mean is
Steps
Step 1: Construct the probability
distribution for the random variable X
representing the number of spots that
would appear.
Step 2: Multiply the value of the random
variable X by the corresponding
probability.
Step 3: Add the results obtained in step 2.
Solution:
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Construct Number of Spots X Probability P(X)
the
probability 1
distribution 2
for the
random 3
variable X 4
representing
the number of 5
spots that 6
would appear.
Solution:
STEPS SOLUTION
Number of
Probability P(X)
Spots X
2. Multiply the
value of the 1
random 2
variable X by
3
the
corresponding 4
probability. 5
6
Solution:
STEPS SOLUTION
Number of
Probability P(X)
Spots X
3. Add the 1
result 2
obtained in 3
step 2. 4
5
6
Formula for the Mean of the
Probability Distribution
The mean of a random variable with a
discrete probability distribution is:
Activity 2
Grocery Items

The probabilities that a customer will

buy 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 items in a grocery
store are respectively. What is the
average number of items that a
customer will buy?
Activity 3
Surgery Patients

The probabilities that a surgeon

operates on 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 patients in any
day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30,
respectively. Find the average number
of patients that a surgeon operates on a
day?
Computing the Variance of
a Discrete Probability
Distribution
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrates and calculate the variance of
a discrete random variable;
2. Interpret the variance of a discrete
random variable and;
3. Solve problems involving variance of
probability distributions.
Definition
The VARIANCE is a measure of spread
or dispersion. It measure the variance
of the values of a random variable from
the mean. The symbols used for the
variance is and its square root is called
the STANDARD DEVIATION.
Activity 1
Surgery Patients

The number of cars sold per day at a

local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in
the succeeding table. Compute the
variance and the standard deviation of
the probability distribution by following
the given steps.
GIVEN:
Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(X)
0
1
2
3
4
Steps
Step 1: Find the mean of the probability
distribution.
Step 2: Subtract the mean from each value
of the random variable X.
Step 3: Square the results obtained in Step 2.
Step 4: Multiply the results obtained in Step 2
by the corresponding probability.
Step 5: Get the sum of the results obtained in
Step 4.
Solution:

X P(X) X P(X) X- P(X)

Answer:

= 2.2,
= 1.56,
= 1.25
Formula for the Variance and Standard
Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution
The variance of a discrete probability
distribution is given by the formula:

Where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable
= mean of the random variable
Alternative Solution for the Variance and
Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability
Distribution
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Multiply the square of the value of the random
variable X by its corresponding probability.
3. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Subtract the square of the of the mean from
the results obtained in Step 3.
Solution:
X P(X) X P(X)
Answer:

= 2.2,
= 6.4
= 1.56,
= 1.25
Exercises
1. Number of Heads

When three coins are tossed, the

probability distribution for the random
variable representing the number of
heads that occur is given below.
Compute the variance and standard
deviation of the probability distribution.
2. Number of Items Sold

The number of items sold per day at a

retail store, with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the table. Find
the variance and standard deviation of
the probability distribution.
Number of Tails Step 3:
Step 2: Values of the
Possible
Random Variable Number Probability
Outcomes of Tails Y P(Y)
Y
TTT 3 0
TTH 2 1
THT 2 2
HTT 2 3
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
Number
GIVEN:
of Cars
Probability
P(X)
Sold X
0 0 0 Variance
1 0.375 0.75
2 1.5 Sd
3 1.125 0.87
1 3
 X P(X)
GIVEN:
0 0 Variance
1 0.22 1.33
2 1.33 Sd
3 2 1.15
4 1.78
2 5.33
02
Dynamic equations
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Awesome words
Graphs and slope
fields
Do you know what helps you make your point
clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience

won’t miss the point of your presentation
Differential equations

Basics Fundamentals
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a
only a bit larger than the Moon poisonous atmosphere
Newton's law of cooling
Cooling Dynamics
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System

Temperature Decay
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun

Heat Transfer Dynamics

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold
planet. It’s full of iron oxide dust
Heat conduction

Basics about heat Thermal energy

conduction transfer
Venus is the second planet from Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun and has a nice name actually a very cold planet

Conduction Heat flow

mechanisms fundamentals
Jupiter is the biggest planet in Saturn is a gas giant and has
the Solar System several rings
Types of equations

1 Linear 2 Quadratic 3 Cubic

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Earth is the third planet
planet to the Sun and a name and is the second from the Sun and where
very small object planet from the Sun we live

4 Polynomial 5 Exponential 6 Logarithmic

Despite being red, Mars Jupiter is a gas giant and Saturn is a gas giant and
is a cold planet. It’s full the biggest planet in the has several rings around
of iron oxide dust Solar System it
The Mass-Spring System
Mass (m)
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Spring (k)
Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Displacement (x)
Despite being red, Mars is a cold planet

Restoring force (f)

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

Amplitude (a)
Saturn was named after a Roman god
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader
get inspired”
—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a thousand words
A picture
always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember: use an image instead of a
long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
123,456,789
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Some percentages

Venus Jupiter Mars

30% 45% 80%

Venus is the second Jupiter is the biggest Despite being red, Mars
planet from the Sun planet of them all is a cold planet
 03
Variable relations
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Computer mockup

You can replace the image on the screen. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image”
Tablet
mockup
You can replace the image on
the screen with your own
work. Just right-click on it
and select “Replace image”
Mobile mockup
You can replace the image on the screen with your own
work. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image”
Our schools

School 1
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

School 2
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

School 3
Earth is the third planet from
the Sun
How to solve equations

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Identify the Solve the Apply initial Verify the

type equation conditions Solution
Venus is the second Despite being red, Jupiter is a gas giant Earth is the third
planet from the Sun Mars is actually a very and the biggest planet planet and the only
and has a nice name cold planet of them all one that harbors life
Epidemiological models

Epidemic

Infection Differential Spread

equations
Despite being red, Mars
A B is a very cold planet C D
Mercury is the Venus is the Jupiter is the Saturn was
closest planet second planet biggest planet named after a
to the Sun from the Sun of them all Roman god
Electrical circuits
Electrical circuits
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System

Differential equations
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s terribly hot

Behavior of electrical systems

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that
harbors life in the Solar System
Prey-Predator cycles graph

Prey
Mercury is the smallest
planet in the Solar System

Predator
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold planet

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Our team

Jenna Doe Timmy Jimmy Susan Bones

You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this
person here person here person here
Exercise 1
Solve the following first-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) using the
method of separation of variables:

dy/dx = 2x + 3
Exercise 2
Consider a mass-spring system described by the second-order ODE:

m(d^2x/dt^2) + c(dx/dt) + kx = 0

where m is the mass, c is the damping coefficient, k is the spring constant, and x(t) is
the displacement of the mass as a function of time. Solve this ODE for the
displacement x(t) of the mass
Exercise 3
Find the general solution to the second-order linear homogeneous ODE:

d^2y/dx^2 - 4y = 0
Exercise 4
Solve the initial value problem (IVP) for the first-order ODE:

dy/dx = -2y, with the initial condition y(0) = 5

 ThanksDo you have any questions?
[email protected]
+91 620 421 838
yourwebsite.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution

Alternative resources
Here’s an assortment of alternative pictures within the same style of this template:

Vectors

● Pack of hand-drawn arrows

Resources
Did you like the resources on this template? Get them
for free at our other websites:

Vectors Photos
● Six different school elements in chalk style ● Man studying in classroom
● Math chalkboard background ● Student writing on chalkboard
● Flat coffee cup collection ● Side view smiley man carrying books
● Flat summer heat illustration with man in front of fa ● Front view smiley girl at school
n and air conditioner
● Medium shot of smiley young traveller
● Metal spring set
● Modern cpu background with linear style
 Instructions for use
If you have a free account, in order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide. Please
refer to the next slide to read the instructions for premium users.

As a Free user, you are allowed to:

● Modify this template.
● Use it for both personal and commercial projects.

You are not allowed to:

● Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content).
● Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo.
● Include Slidesgo Content in an online or offline database or file.
● Offer Slidesgo templates (or modified versions of Slidesgo templates) for download.
● Acquire the copyright of Slidesgo Content.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit our blog:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Instructions for use (premium users)
As a Premium user, you can use this template without attributing Slidesgo or keeping the "Thanks" slide.

You are allowed to:

● Modify this template.
● Use it for both personal and commercial purposes.
● Hide or delete the “Thanks” slide and the mention to Slidesgo in the credits.
● Share this template in an editable format with people who are not part of your team.

You are not allowed to:

● Sublicense, sell or rent this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template).
● Distribute this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template) or include it in a database or in
any other product or service that offers downloadable images, icons or presentations that may be subject to
distribution or resale.
● Use any of the elements that are part of this Slidesgo Template in an isolated and separated way from this
Template.
● Register any of the elements that are part of this template as a trademark or logo, or register it as a work in an
intellectual property registry or similar.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit our blog:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Fonts & colors used
This presentation has been made using the following fonts:

Epilogue
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Epilogue)

Actor
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Actor)

#3f3f3f #e5e5e5 #f3f3f3

#fabb4b #1d9a4d #1d9a4d #e6222e

 Storyset
Create your Story with our illustrated concepts. Choose the style you like the most, edit its colors, pick the
background and layers you want to show and bring them to life with the animator panel! It will boost your
presentation. Check out how it works.

Pana Amico Bro Rafiki Cuate

 Use our editable graphic resources...
You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource and click on
the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want. Group the resource again
when you’re done. You can also look for more infographics on Slidesgo.
 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2

PHASE 2

Task 1

Task 2

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2
 ...and our sets of editable icons
You can resize these icons without losing quality.
You can change the stroke and fill color; just select the icon and click on the paint bucket/pen.
In Google Slides, you can also use Flaticon’s extension, allowing you to customize and add even more icons.
Educational Icons Medical Icons
Business Icons Teamwork Icons
Help & Support Icons Avatar Icons
Creative Process Icons Performing Arts Icons
Nature Icons
SEO & Marketing Icons
 Premium infographics

Text 1 Text 2 Text 3

“Mercury is the “Despite being red,
smallest planet in Mars is actually a
the Solar System” very cold place”

Add the title here 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

“Venus is the
“Neptune is the “Saturn is a gas
second planet from
farthest planet from giant and has
the Sun and is
the Sun” several rings”
terribly hot”

Text 4 Text 5 Text 6

 Premium infographics

75% “Despite being red,

Mars is actually a
very cold place”

75%
“Jupiter is the
TITLE 1 biggest planet in the
entire Solar System”

“Mercury is the
smallest planet in the
Solar System”
“Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings”
Premium Icons
Digital Marketing
Premium Icons
Online Learning
Premium Icons
Laboratory
Premium Icons
Goals & Results
Premium Icons
Infographic Elements