EFFECTS OF HEAT

 Change in dimension
Thermal Expansion

 Change in temperature
Specific Heat

 Change in phase
Latent Heat
 THERMAL EXPANSION
- the tendency of matter to change its dimension in response to a change in temperature .

 Nearly all materials expand when heated and contract

when cooled.
 Different materials have different rates of
expansion/contraction.
 The rate of change in dimension depends on a specific
material’s coefficient of expansion.
 Materials may either change in length, area or volume
APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
 Dentures, braces and tooth fillings

 Transmission lines
 Expansion joints

 Mercury thermometer

 Road cracks
The change in length of a solid

ΔL = LoαΔT

The change in area of a solid

ΔA = Ao2αΔT

The change in volume of a solid or liquid sample.

ΔV = Vo3αΔT

α is the coefficient of linear expansion

Expansion coefficients for some common materials

SUBSTANCE α (10-6 ˚C)

Ice 51
Lead 29
Aluminum 23
Brass 19
Copper 17
Steel 11
Ordinary glass 9
Pyrex glass 3.2
Invar steel 0.7
Fused quartz 0.5
EFFECTS OF THE UNUSUAL
EXPANSION OF WATER
 Freezing of lakes and ponds

 Weathering of rocks
EFFECTS OF THE UNUSUAL
EXPANSION OF WATER
 Danger posed by icebergs

 Bursting of water pipes

1. A brass cube has an edge length of 33.2 cm at 20⁰C.
Calculate the cube’s increase in surface area and the
change in volume at 140⁰C.

Given: scube= 33.2 cm T0= 20⁰C

αbrass= 19x10-6/C⁰ T = 140⁰C

Solution:

a. Let x be the increase in surface area

ΔA = Ao2αΔT
=
= 5.03cm2
 x = 6ΔA
= 6(5.03 cm2)

= 30.18 cm2

b. Let ΔV be the increase in volume

ΔV = VoβΔT
= (s3)(3α)(140⁰C-20⁰C)
= (33.2 cm)3*(3*19x10-6/C0)(120 C0)
= 250.31cm3
2. A steel rod is 3.000 cm in diameter at 20⁰C. A brass ring has
an interior diameter of 2.992 cm at 20 ⁰C. At what common
temperature will the rod slide onto the ring?

Given:
Dsteel rod = 3 cm T0 = 20 0C

Dbrass ring = 2.992cm T =?

Solution:
Aosteel =
Aobrass =
=
=
= 7.07 cm2
= 7.03 cm2
 Abrass ring = Asteel rod
(Ao+ΔA)b = (Ao+ΔA)s

(Ao+Ao2αΔT)b = (Ao+Ao2αΔT)s

7.03 cm2[1 +(2)()( Δ Tb)] = 7.07 cm2 [1+ (2)()( ΔTs)]

7.03cm2 + 2.6714 10-4 cm2 / C⁰ *ΔT = 7.07cm2 + 1.5554 10-4 cm2 / C⁰ *ΔT

(2.6714 1.5554) 10-4 cm2 / C⁰ ΔT = 7.07 cm2 – 7.03 cm2

1.1160 10-4 cm2 / C⁰ ΔT = 0.04 cm2

ΔT = = 358.423 C⁰

since, T = To + ΔT
T = 378.423⁰C
3.. A 250-ml capacity Aluminum cup is filled to the brim with
glycerin. How much glycerin, if any, will spill over if it is heated
from 22⁰C to 140⁰C?
Βaluminum = 69 10-6/C⁰
Βglycerin = 510 10-6/C⁰

Given: Voglycerin= Vocup capacity=250 ml

ΔT= 140⁰C - 22⁰C = 118 Co

Solution:
Let x be the volume of spillage
x = ΔVg ΔVal

= VogβgΔTg VoalβAlΔTAl

= VoΔT (βg – βAl) x = 13.01 mL

= 250mL (118C⁰) (510-69) x 10-6/Co
HEAT CAPACITY
 The ratio of the energy transferred and the
change in temperature
 The measurable physical quantity that
characterizes the amount of heat required to
change a body's temperature by a given
amount.
 In the International System of Units, heat
capacity is expressed in units
of joules per kelvin.

Q
C
T
Why do some foods stay
hot longer than others?

Why is the beach sand

hot, but the water is cool
on the same hot day?

22
SPECIFIC HEAT
 Tellshow fast or slow a material heats up or cools
down
 Amount of heat needed to change the temperature
of a unit substance to 1˚.
 Can be expressed in calorie per gram Celsius degree

Q = mcΔT
 SPECIFIC HEAT
Different substances have different capacities for
storing energy
It may take 20 minutes to heat water to 75°C.
However, the same mass of aluminum might
require 5 minutes and the same amount of copper
may take only 2 minutes to reach the same
temperature.

24
 SPECIFIC HEAT VALUES
Specific heat is the amount of heat
needed to change the temperature of 1 g of
a substance by 1°
cal/g°C J/g°C
water 1.00 4.18
aluminum 0.22 0.90
copper 0.093 0.39
silver 0.057 0.24
gold 0.031 0.13

25
 HEAT CALCULATIONS
1. A hot-water bottle contains 750 g of water at 65°C. If the
water cools to body temperature (37°C), how many calories
of heat could be transferred to sore muscles?
Heat, Q = mcT
= 750 g (1 cal/g°C )(28 C°)
= 21 calories

2)How many kcal are needed to raise the temperature of 120

g of water from 15°C to 75°C?

Q= 120 g x (75°C - 15°C) x 1 cal x 1 kcal

g °C 1000 cal
Q = 7.2 kcal
26
 LEARNING CHECK
When you heat 200 g of water for 1 minute, the
water temperature rises from 10°C to 18°C. If you
heat 400 g of water at 10°C in the same pan with
the same amount of heat for 1 minute, what would
you expect the final temperature to be?

1) 10 °C 2) 14°C 3)
18°C

27
ANSWER
2)14°C

Heating twice the mass of water using the

same amount of heat will raise the
temperature only half as much.

200 g 400 g

28
 LEARNING CHECK
A. A substance with a large specific heat
1) heats up quickly
2) heats up slowly

B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air

1) cools
2) warms
3) stays the same

C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool

at night. Sand must have a
1) high sp. heat
2) low sp. heat 29
1. How much heat must be removed from a 2-lb sample of ice
cream to cool it from 80⁰F to 15 ⁰F?

Given: Cicecream = Cice = 0.5 cal/gC⁰ = 0.5 BTU/lbF⁰

Q = mCΔT
=

= - 65 BTU Heat loss

Q = 65 BTU
2. How much warmer is the water at the base of a 250 ft
waterfall compared at the top?

ΔT =? Q = mcΔT Ep = mgh Q = Epotential

mgh = mcΔT
ΔT = 1 lb = 1 slug (ft/s2)
= 14.57kg
=
= 32.2lbm (ft/s2)
=
1lbf 32.2 lbm ft/s2

ΔT = 0.32F⁰
 LATENT HEAT

 The heat energy acquired or released when a

material changes phase.

 Energy given out or absorbed by a system without

change in temperature.
Q = mL

Q is the heat
m is the mass
L is the latent heat of fusion or vaporization of the substance or
material.
 LATENT HEAT

Latent heat of fusion is the energy required

to melt 1 kg of solid / to solidify 1 kg of
liquid. E.g. Lfice = 80 kcal/kg

Latent heat of vaporization is the energy

required to evaporate 1 kg of a liquid / to
condense 1 kg of gas. E.g. Lvsteam = 540 kcal/kg
 HEATS OF FUSION AND
VAPORIZATION
The temperature stays constant during any phase
change. That is from solid to liquid and liquid to
gas, although energy is still transferred.
1. Melting point - temperature at which a solid turns
to liquid
2. Solidification/Freezing point - temperature at
which a liquid turns to solid
3. Boiling/Vaporization point - temperature at which
a liquid turns to a gas or vapor
4. Condensing point - temperature at which gas or
vapor turns to liquid
 HOW PRESSURE COOKER WORKS?
These are essentially cooking
pots with an air tight lid.
As water is heated and
turns to vapor, the
pressure builds up
because the vapor cannot
escape. Water usually
boils and turns to steam at
100˚C at a pressure of one
atmosphere. By increasing
the pressure we can see
from the phase diagram
that the water can be
heated to higher
temperatures before it
enters the vapor region.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 20-g lead bullet at 50˚C and whose muzzle speed is 400 m/s
strikes a large block of 0˚ ice and stops inside it. How much ice
thus melts?
CPb = 0.03 kcal/kg˚C

Heatlost=Heatgained
LOSER
1. Ek = ½ mv² (slowdown stop)
2. mcT (50˚C 0˚C)

GAINER
3. Q = Lfmx mass of ice that melted
Ek = ½ mv²
= ½ (20 g) (0-400 m/s)² Qphase = Lf mx
= 10 10-3 kg)(-16 10⁴ m²/s²)
= -10 kg (160 m²/s²) = 80 kcal/kg (mx)
= -1600 kg.m/s² m
= -1600 N m
= -1600 J
= -0.382 kcal
QTemp = mcT
= 20 10¯³ kg (0.03 kcal/kg˚C) (0˚C 50˚C)
= - 0.03 kcal
Hlost = Hgained
Ek + QT = QP
0.382 kcal + 0.03 kcal = 80 kcal/kg (mx)
0.412 = mx
= mx

mx = 5.15 g
2. What is the minimum amount of ice at -10˚C that must be
added to 0.5 kg of water at 20˚C to lower the temperature
down to 0˚C?
Cice=0.5kcal/kg˚C

LOSER: 20˚C water T 0˚C water

GAINER: -10˚C ice T 0˚C ice P 0˚C water

QL = QG
(mcT)H₂O = (mxcT)ice + Lf cemx
i
0.5 kg = mx
0.5 (20˚C) = mx
10 kcal = mx (85 kcal/kg)

mx = 117.65 grams
3. A 10-lb block of ice at 32˚F is
pushed across a horizontal floor,
also at 32˚F. If the coefficient of
friction between the floor and
ice is 0.45 and 0.10 lb of ice
melts, how much distance was it
pushed?

V=k ∑Fh = 0 = FA F
∑Fv = 0 = -Wice + FN F = FA
FN = Wice FN () = FA
322 lbf (0.45) = FA
Wice = mg FA = 144.9 lbf
= 10 lbm (32.2 ft/s²)
Wice = 322 lbf
FN = 322 lbf
Qmelted 0.10 lbm of ice

Wdoneonice = Qabsorbed
FA(d) = Lf (mice)
d=
= =

d = 77.37 ft
4. Two 520 g ice at -10˚C is poured to an equal amount
of hot tea which is essentially water. How much ice
remains, if the initial temperature of tea is a.) 95˚C,
b.)70˚C

Gainer

- 10˚C 0˚C 0˚C

Loser

95˚C 0˚C
a.) if QL > QG
all ice melts, Tf > 0˚C

if QL = QG
all ice melts, Tf = 0˚C

if QL < QG
not all ice melted, Tf = 0˚C

QG = (mcT)ice + Lfice*mice
= 1040 g (0.5 cal/gC˚) (0˚C -10˚C) + 80 cal/g (1040 g)
= 5200 cal + 83200 cal
= 88400 cal
QL = (mcT)H₂O
= 1040 g (1 cal/gC˚) (95˚C 0˚C)
QL = 98800 cal

Since QL > QG all ice melts; Tf > 0˚C

Q = Q L QG
mc T = 10400 cal T of 2080 g 0˚C water/tea
T=
T = 5 C˚

Tf = Ti + T
= 0˚C + 5 C˚
Tf = 5˚C
b.) QL = 1040 g (1 cal/ gC˚) (70C 0˚C)
QL = 72800 cal

Qdeficit = QG QL
Lfmx = 15600 cal
mx =

mass of ice left = 195 g

Tfmixture = 0oC
5. How much steam at 103˚C must be passed through a pipeline
to cause 1 kg ice outside at -2˚C to melt, the spent steam is to
emerge as 80˚C water?
QL = (mcT)ST + (Lvm)ST + (mcT)H₂O
= msteam [0.48 (3C˚) + 540 + 1 (20 C˚)]
= msteam [1.44 + 540 + 20 ] = mx (561.44 )

QG = (mcT)ice + (Lfm)ice
= 1000 g [(0.5 (2˚C) + 80 = 81000 cal

QL = QG
mx (561.44 ) = 81000 cal
mx =

msteam = 144.27 g
6. An aluminum electric kettle of mass 0.56 kg contains a 2.4 kW
heating element. It is filled with 0.64 L of H₂O at 12˚C. How long
will it take a.) for boiling to begin? b.) for the kettle to boil dry?

cAl = 0.22 cal/gc˚ P = 2400 = 573.34 cal/s

QG = mcT
= (640) (1 cal/gC˚)(100˚C12˚C)
= 56320 cal
QL = mcT
= (560) (0.22 cal/gC˚) (100˚C12˚c)
= 10841.6 cal

Q = Q G + QL 573.34 =
= 56320 cal + 10841.6 cal
= 67161.6 cal

t = 117.145 s
b.) Q = Lvmx
= (540 cal/g) (640)
= 345600 cal

Q = QG + QL + Q
= 56320 cal + 10841.6 cal + 345600 cal
= 412761.6

573.34 =

t = 719.925 s