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LM7 - Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL

The document discusses embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded SQL allows embedding SQL statements inside host languages like C/C++. It covers connecting to databases, declaring variables, writing queries using cursors, fetching and updating data. Dynamic SQL constructs queries as strings at runtime and can execute immediately or prepare for later use.

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Bala Krish
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81 views

LM7 - Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL

The document discusses embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded SQL allows embedding SQL statements inside host languages like C/C++. It covers connecting to databases, declaring variables, writing queries using cursors, fetching and updating data. Dynamic SQL constructs queries as strings at runtime and can execute immediately or prepare for later use.

Uploaded by

Bala Krish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KGiSL Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)


Recognized by UGC, Accredited by NBA (IT)
365, KGiSL Campus, Thudiyalur Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore – 641035.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Name of the Faculty : Ms. Aruna T N

Subject Name & Code : CS3492/ Database Management Systems

Branch & Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Year & Semester : II / IV

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Course Outcome

CO 1 Demonstrate fundamentals of Data models and Relational


databases - K3 LEVEL

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Syllabus
UNIT I - RELATIONAL DATABASES

Purpose of Database System – Views of data – Data Models –


Database System Architecture – Introduction to relational databases
– Relational Model – Keys – Relational Algebra – SQL
fundamentals – Advanced SQL features – Embedded SQL–
Dynamic SQL

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
TOPIC

Embedded SQL

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL
• The Programming module in which the SQL statements are embedded is
called Embedded SQL module.
• It is possible to embed SQL statements inside a variety of programming
languages such as C, C++, Java, Fortran, and PL/1,
• A language to which SQL queries are embedded is referred to as a host
language.
• EXEC SQL statement is used in the host language to identify embedded SQL
request to the preprocessor
EXEC SQL <embedded SQL statement >;
CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)
• Before executing any SQL statements, the program must first connect
to the database. This is done using:
EXEC-SQL connect to server user user-name using password;
Here, server identifies the server to which a connection is to be
established.
• Variables of the host language can be used within embedded SQL
statements. They are preceded by a colon (:) to distinguish from SQL
variables (e.g., :credit_amount )
• In some languages, like COBOL, the semicolon is replaced with END-
EXEC
• In Java embedding uses # SQL { …. };
CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)

• Variables used must be declared within DECLARE section, as illustrated below.


The syntax for declaring the variables, however, follows the usual host language
syntax.
EXEC-SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
int credit-amount ;
EXEC-SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)

• To write an embedded SQL query, we use the

declare c cursor for <SQL query>

statement. The variable c is used to identify the query


• Example:

From within a host language, find the ID and name of students who
have completed more than the number of credits stored in variable
credit_amount in the host langue.

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)

• Specify the query in SQL as follows:


EXEC SQL
declare c cursor for
select ID, name
from student
where tot_cred > :credit_amount
END_EXEC

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)
• The open statement for our example is as follows:
EXEC SQL open c ;
• This statement causes the database system to execute the query and to save the
results within a temporary relation. The query uses the value of the host-
language variable credit-amount at the time the open statement is executed.
• The fetch statement causes the values of one tuple in the query result to be
placed on host language variables.
EXEC SQL fetch c into :si, :sn END_EXEC
CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Embedded SQL(Cont.)

• A variable called SQLSTATE in the SQL communication area (SQLCA)


gets set to '02000' to indicate no more data is available
• The close statement causes the database system to delete the temporary
relation that holds the result of the query.
EXEC SQL close c ;
Note: above details vary with language. For example, the Java
embedding defines Java iterators to step through result tuples.

CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Updates through Embedded SQL
• Embedded SQL expressions for database modification (update, insert, and delete)
• Can update tuples fetched by cursor by declaring that the cursor is for update
EXEC SQL
declare c cursor for
select *
from instructor
where dept_name = 'Music'
for update
CS3492/DBMS/IICSE/IVSEM/KG-KiTE
Updates through Embedded SQL

• We then iterate through the tuples by performing fetch operations on the cursor
(as illustrated earlier), and after fetching each tuple we execute the following
code:
update instructor
set salary = salary + 1000
where current of c
Dynamic SQL

• The dynamic SQL component of SQL allows programs to construct and submit
SQL queries at run time.
• In contrast, embedded SQL statements must be completely present at compile
time, they are compiled by the embedded SQL preprocessor.
• Using dynamic SQL programs can create SQL queries as strings at runtime and
can either have them executed immediately or have them prepared for sub sequent
use.

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