Quarter 4 Lesson 1:

Computer
Networking
Learning objectives:
1. The concept of a computer network
2. The different advantages and disadvantages of a network
3. The different types of common networks
4. The different types of network topologies
5. The different network devices
Introduction
to Computer
Networking
What is a computer network?
Computer network are group of
computers that are connected
to one another.
What is the goal of computer networking?

“to share data”

Network
It is a set of technologies,
including the media used to
connect computers
together, as well as the
software and hardware
used to construct and
operate it.
Computer Networking
The most common
concept of a network is
when two or more
computers are being
connected through
either a physical cable
via wireless radio
connection just to share
information, files, and
resources.
Computer Network
It is an interconnection of two or
more computers through the use
of cables, telephone lines, radio
transmitter, satellites, and other
wireless telecommunication
devices which goal is to
successfully communicate to each
other through information
interchange and resource
sharing.
History of Computer
Network Revolution
Packet Switching
- It is a channel
addressed with
packets for data
transmission.
- Developed in
the early 1960s

It is the transfer of small pieces of data

across various networks.
- These data chunks or “packets” allow
for faster, more efficient data transfer.
 ARPANET
- In 1969, the seeds of the
Internet were planted.
- It is called ARPANET, and
this is the year when the
Advanced Research Project
Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.
Dept. of Defense began
connecting computers at the
different defense contractors
and universities.
How the internet was born? From the
ARPANET to the Internet…
 ARCnet
- In 1977, the first commercial
LAN technology was introduced.
- It’s called ARCnet or a short
term for Attached Resource
Computing Network.
Datapoint Corporation is the
company that invented this LAN
technology.

- It was defined as a group of nodes that

communicates to one another over a
geographically-limited area usually within
one building or a campus of buildings.
Ethernet
- In 1978, the next LAN
technology called Ethernet was
introduced by its inventor, Bob
Metcalfe who at the same time
established the networking
company called 3COM
Corporation.

It is a family of wired computer networking

technologies commonly used in local area
network, metropolitan area networks and wide
are networks. It was commercially introduced in
1980.
 NSFnet
- In 1980, the National Science
Foundation (NSF), another US
Federal agency, joined the
Internetwork project after the
US Defense Dept stopped
funding the ARPANET. Their
own version is called NSFnet.
It was a program of coordinated, evolving
projects sponsored by the National Science
Foundation from 1985 to 1995 to promote
advanced research and education networking in
the US.
SmartModem
- In 1981, the first modem
was introduced by Hayes
Microcomputer Products,
Inc. Its called
SmartModem. vs
- Hayes Microcomputer
Products was a U.S.-based
manufacturer of modems. The
company is well known for
the Smartmodem.
 Internet
- In 1982, the first term “Internet”
was first used to refer to the
worldwide network of networks of
the computer
(International Networks).
- the global network that emerges
from the ARPANET and NSFnet.
Token Ring
- In 1984, the IBM Corporation
introduces its own LAN technology
called Token Ring networking
system.

It is a computer networking technology

used to build local area networks.
HyperCard
- In 1987, the HyperCard
programming language was
introduced by Apple
Computer that leads to the
development of HTML.
- HyperCard was developed
by Bill Atkinson for use
on Apple Macintosh and
Apple IIGS computers and It is a software application and
was first released by Apple in development kit for Apple
1987. Macintosh computers. It is among
- HyperCard is a set of tools the first successful hypermedia
used for creating software systems predating the World Wide
applications. Web (WWW)
By the time Hypercard was dropped as a product, the need for such a tool
had largely been replaced by the World Wide Web.
Internet Worm

In 1988, the computer

virus called “Internet
Worm” crippled about
10 percent of all
Internet host computers.
World Wide Web (WWW)
- In 1989, the European
Particles Physics Laboratory in
Geneva, Switzerland called
CERN created the World Wide
Web.

Search for:
Definition of WWW
History of WWW
Who invented the WWW
In 1992, the Internet became the
world’s largest e-mail network with
an estimated 25 million Internet
users.
MOSAIC
- In 1993, the first
commercial graphical-
user-interface (GUI)
Web Browser called “
Mosaic” was developed
at the National Center
for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA)
in the US.
- The web in the early
1990s was mostly text.
Mosaic Browser Screenshot
In 1994, the Netscape
Navigator, a web-browser
was introduced by Netscape
Communications Company.
It was based on Mosaic
standard, but with more
advanced and powerful
features.

Netscape Navigator Screenshot

e-Bay
- In 1995, the first online
auction company called e-Bay
was founded.
eBay, global online auction and trading company
launched by American entrepreneur Pierre
Omidyar in 1995. eBay was one of the first
companies to create and market an Internet
Web site to match buyers and sellers of goods and
services. The company, which caters to individual
sellers and small businesses, is a market leader in
e-commerce worldwide. eBay is headquartered in
San Jose, California.
Internet Explorer
- In 1997, both Netscape
Communication and Microsoft
Corporation released the new version
of their respective Web-browser, the
Netscape Navigator and Internet
Explorer 4.
- Internet explorer was once the most
widely used web browser, attaining a
peak of 95% usage share by 2003.

(formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows

Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated as IE or MSIE)
blog
In 1998, the new Internet Protocol standard called IPv6 (Internet
In Protocol
1999, theversion
new Internet
6) was drafted and released by the Internet
term called “blog”
Engineering Taskwas
Force (IETF).
coined by Peter Merholz.

Answer the following:

A. What is a blog?
B. How to make a blog?
C. What do you think the importance of blogging?
XML
- In 2002, the XML
(Extensible Markup
Language) became very
popular for Web-based
applications. A the same
time, the boom of
wireless networking
started.
 Wi-Fi
- In 2003, the Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity) of
the IEEE 802.11 b/g
standard for the
wireless network was
widely used in the US
with hotspots
springing up in
companies or other Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves
commercial locations to provide wireless high-speed Internet access. A common
misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless
such as Starbucks
fidelity," however Wi-Fi is a trademarked phrase that refers to
Coffee. IEEE 802.11x standards.
Spam
- In 2004, the
unsolicited e-mail
called Spam caused
major problems
across the Internet.

Email spam, also known as junk email, refers to unsolicited email

messages, usually sent in bulk to a large list of recipients. Typically, spam is
sent for commercial purposes.
Internet Protocol (IP)
- In 2005, all IP (Internet Protocol)
address of the old IP standard called IPv4
(version 4) were all used, thus it can no
longer be assigned. After 2005, the
network devices must use the new IPv6
standard in assigning IP addresses.
- It is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing
and addressing packets of data so that they
can travel across networks and arrive at the
correct destination.
- A set of rules governing the format of data
sent over the internet or other network.

What is Internet Protocol (IP)? (techtarget.com)

Types of
Network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
It consists of personal devices
communicating at close range
such as a cell phone and
notebook computer.
- PANs can use wired
connections (such as USB or
FireWire) or wireless
connections (such as
Bluetooth or infrared).
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
It covers a small local area such as a home, office, other building, or small group of
buildings.
- LANs can use wired (most likely Ethernet) or wireless (most likely Wi-Fi, also
called 802.11) technologies.
- A LAN is used for workstations, servers, printers, and other devices to
communicate and share resources.
- In a LAN, one or more computers can serve as a “server” (the main computer),
while the computers connected to it are called “workstations or client PCs”.
- “System Security” - to protect the software resources and confidential
information that can be found in the whole network.
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Router/Firewall
Internet
Modem
iPhone

Switch
Server
Workstation Laptop/Computer
Wi-Fi

Desktop PC Desktop PC Desktop PC

3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
It covers a limited geographical
area and is popular in places
where networking cables are
difficult to install, such as
outdoors, in public places, and in
homes that are not wired for
networks. They are also useful in
hotel rooms.
- A WLAN is a wireless
computer network that links
two or more devices using
wireless communication to
form a LAN within a limited
area such as a home, school,
computer laboratory, campus,
or office building.
4. Campus Area Network (CAN)
It is a computer network
made up of an
interconnection of local
networks (LANs) within
a limited geographical
area. It can be
considered one form of a
metropolitan area
network, specific to an
academic setting.
- A CAN (Campus
Area Network) is a
corporate area
network.
5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It covers a large campus or city.
(A small MAN is sometimes
called a CAN or campus area
network.)
A MAN is a computer network
that is larger than a single
building local area network but
is located in a single geographic
area that is smaller than a wide
area network (WAN).
- Generally, it is several LANs
interconnected by dedicated
backbone connections.
6. Wide Area Network (WAN)
It covers a large geographical area and is made up of many smaller
networks. The best-known WAN is the Internet. Some technologies
used to connect a single computer or LAN to the Internet include
DSL, cable Internet, satellite, cellular WAN, and fiber optic.
- WAN is made up of two or more LANs which are separated by
geographic distance and linked through phone lines, microwave
towers, and communication satellites.
- WAN allows users to share computer hardware, software,
information or data even if they are separated by a long distance.
- The user can send (upload) or receive (download) data,
information, software, pictures, images, MP3s, eBooks and movies
through network.
Philippines
7. Global Area Network (GAN)
In general, however, a GAN is a model for supporting mobile
communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs,
satellite coverage areas, etc.
- GAN refers to a network composed of different interconnected
networks that cover an unlimited geographical area.
- Examples: Internet, Mobile Wireless networks, communication
satellites, and international mail, transnational and multinational
corporations.
8. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
It is a computer network in which some of the links between
nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in
some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical
wires.
- It describes the opportunity to establish a protected network
when using public networks.
- It is an encrypted connection over the Internet from a device
to a network. The encrypted connection helps ensure that
sensitive data is safely transmitted.
 TYPES OF
NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
- the physical arrangement of the connections between
computers is called the “network topology” of the “physical
topology”.
1. Mesh Network
In a mesh network, each node (a computer or other
device that uses the network) on the network is
responsible for sending and receiving transmissions
to any other node to which it wants to
communicate without a central point of
communication.
- When each node connects to every node on the
network, the network is called a fully connected
mesh topology.
- In a mesh topology, there is no central
connection point.
- Advantage: to provide high privacy and security.
2. Ring Network
In a ring network, nodes form a
ring. This topology is seldom
used today because one down
computer or a broken cable
can halt all communication on
the ring.
- It is highly efficient and
handles heavier loads better
than bus topology.
3. Bus Network
Another old topology is a bus network
whereby all computers are connected in a
sequential line.
- In this type of topology, one computer
works like a server whereas the other
works as a client. The main function of
the server is to exchange information
between different client computers.
- Bus topology network is used to add
the printers, I/O devices in the offices
or home.
4. Star Network
A star network uses a centralized
device to manage traffic on the
network. This centralized device can
be a switch or hub that offers multiple
network ports or wireless connections.
- Star networks are almost totally
used for LANs today. An advantage
of a star network is that one down
computer or one broken cable does
not bring down the entire network.
- It is one of the most common
computer network topologies.
What is a Tree Topology? (computerhope.com)
https://www.tatacommunications.com/knowledge-base/
what-is-hybrid-topology-in-networking-definition-advant
ages-examples/#:~:text=Hybrid%20topology%3A%20a%2
0definition,Ring%2C%20Bus%2C%20or%20Mesh
.
- Hybrid Topology
TYPES OF NETWORK SECURITY

Exploring
Network Security (+8 Ways to Protect Your Net
work) (g2.com)
Quarter 4 Quiz #2
Direction: Identify
the types of network
topology.
1. In this type of topology, one computer works like a
server whereas the other works as a client. The main
function of the server is to exchange information
between different client computers.
2. This network almost totally used for LANs today. An
advantage of this is that one down computer or one
broken cable does not bring down the entire network.
3. This network, each node on the network is
responsible for sending and receiving transmissions
to any other node to which it wants to communicate
without a central point of communication.
4. This topology is seldom used today because one down
computer or a broken cable can halt all
communication.
5. A type of network topology in which two or more
different topologies are integrated or combined to lay
out a network.
6. This topology, there can be only one connection
between any two connected nodes. Because any two
nodes can have only one mutual connection.
Direction: Identify
the types of
network.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Draw and label the
name of at least five (5)
Network Topologies
 History of World Wide Web
History of World Wide Web :-
•The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, in 1995 the first connection was established over
what is today known as the Internet.
•By the end of 1990, the first Web page was served. In April 1993, the World Wide Web technology was available for
anyone to use on a royalty-free basis.
•Since that time, the Web has changed the world. It has perhaps become the most powerful communication medium the
world has ever known.
•A global Web of computers known as the Internet, allows individuals to communicate with each other often called the
World Wide Web. The Internet provides a quick and easy exchange of information and is recognized as the central tool
in this Information Age.

World Wide Web (WWW) Definition :-

•The World Wide Web (WWW) is an internet based service, which uses common set of rules known as Protocols, to
distribute documents across the Internet in a standard way.
•The World Wide Web, or ‘Web’ is a part of the Internet. The Web is viewed through web browser softwares such as
Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox etc. Using browsers one can access the digital libraries containing
innumerable articles, journals, e-books, news, tutorials stored in the form of web pages on computers around the
world called Web Servers. Today thousands of web pages/websites are added to the WWW every hour.

Link : History of World Wide Web - ExamSector